From: Rafal Smigrodzki (rms2g@virginia.edu)
Date: Tue Sep 03 2002 - 13:48:55 MDT
Lee Corbin wrote:
Rafal, like gts (though less well-informed), everything that I
have ever heard confines emotions to the limbic system. Probably
also like him (fat chance he's a she) I don't feel like perusing
all the many pointers in all your previous posts.
Could you give any specific one of them that indicates a role
of the cortex in subjective experience of emotion?
### Better, I'll give you 23 (so few only because I didn't feel like quoting
all). Basically, the cortex is intimately involved in emotional responses,
as evidenced by lesion studies, fMRI studies, as well as brain structural
and (even) single cell recordings. To claim that the cortex is a "cold
calculating organ" (as gts wrote, or something to that effect) is plainly
silly. There is no methodology yet to clearly point to the location of a
subjective experience, or even define subjectivity in physicalist terms, but
most definitely the cortex cannot be excluded from consideration.
One thought experiment - try to imagine a pair of amygdala, kept alive in a
tank, with some electric stimulation delivered to it - if indeed the
amygdala were the sole seat of emotion, these disembodied structures would
feel as strongly as you and me. I regard this idea to be as preposterous as
the idea that chunks of the brain kept alive and firing without exchanging
information would have the subjective experience of being a person. The mind
is in the brain, not in any single part of it. It takes the amygdala *and*
the cortex to produce emotion in a human (and I don't know about gators).
Any subjective experience that an intact brain has, is a function of high
level information processing, with exchanges between many areas weaving a
coherent network, as in the information exchanged between the amygdala and
prefrontal cortex.
Here are the refs.
I sign off from this thread.
Rafal
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1. Calder AJ. Keane J. Manes F. Antoun N. Young AW. Impaired recognition
and experience of disgust following brain injury. Nature Neuroscience.
3(11):1077-8, 2000 Nov. HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY OWNS - CLICK ON LIBRARY
HOLDINGS
UI: 11036262
Huntington's disease can particularly affect people's recognition of disgust
from facial expressions, and functional neuroimaging research has
demonstrated that facial expressions of disgust consistently engage
different brain areas (insula and putamen) than other facial expressions.
However, it is not known whether these particular brain areas process only
facial signals of disgust or disgust signals from multiple modalities. Here
we describe evidence, from a patient with insula and putamen damage, for a
neural system for recognizing social signals of disgust from multiple
modalities.
Medline Identifier
20493464
Institution
MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 2EF,
UK. andy.calder@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk
2. Blair RJ. Cipolotti L. Impaired social response reversal. A case of
'acquired sociopathy'. Brain. 123 ( Pt 6):1122-41, 2000 Jun. HSL OWNS PRINT
& ONLINE hslnet.med.virginia.edu/ejrnl.html
UI: 10825352
In this study, we report a patient (J.S.) who, following trauma to the right
frontal region, including the orbitofrontal cortex, presented with 'acquired
sociopathy'. His behaviour was notably aberrant and marked by high levels of
aggression and a callous disregard for others. A series of experimental
investigations were conducted to address the cognitive dysfunction that
might underpin his profoundly aberrant behaviour. His performance was
contrasted with that of a second patient (C.L.A.), who also presented with a
grave dysexecutive syndrome but no socially aberrant behaviour, and five
inmates of Wormwood Scrubs prison with developmental psychopathy. While J.S.
showed no reversal learning impairment, he presented with severe difficulty
in emotional expression recognition, autonomic responding and social
cognition. Unlike the comparison populations, J.S. showed impairment in: the
recognition of, and autonomic responding to, angry and disgusted
expressions; attributing the emotions of fear, anger and embarrassment to
story protagonists; and the identification of violations of social
behaviour. The findings are discussed with reference to models regarding the
role of the orbitofrontal cortex in the control of aggression. It is
suggested that J.S.'s impairment is due to a reduced ability to generate
expectations of others' negative emotional reactions, in particular anger.
In healthy individuals, these representations act to suppress behaviour that
is inappropriate in specific social contexts. Moreover, it is proposed that
the orbitofrontal cortex may be implicated specifically either in the
generation of these expectations or the use of these expectations to
suppress inappropriate behaviour.
Medline Identifier
20340248
Institution
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University
College London, UK. j.blair@ucl.ac.uk
3. Adolphs R. Damasio H. Tranel D. Cooper G. Damasio AR. A role for
somatosensory cortices in the visual recognition of emotion as revealed by
three-dimensional lesion mapping. Journal of Neuroscience. 20(7):2683-90,
2000 Apr 1. HSL OWNS PRINT & ONLINE hslnet.med.virginia.edu/ejrnl.html
UI: 10729349
Although lesion and functional imaging studies have broadly implicated the
right hemisphere in the recognition of emotion, neither the underlying
processes nor the precise anatomical correlates are well understood. We
addressed these two issues in a quantitative study of 108 subjects with
focal brain lesions, using three different tasks that assessed the
recognition and naming of six basic emotions from facial expressions.
Lesions were analyzed as a function of task performance by coregistration in
a common brain space, and statistical analyses of their joint volumetric
density revealed specific regions in which damage was significantly
associated with impairment. We show that recognizing emotions from visually
presented facial expressions requires right somatosensory-related cortices.
The findings are consistent with the idea that we recognize another
individual's emotional state by internally generating somatosensory
representations that simulate how the other individual would feel when
displaying a certain facial expression. Follow-up experiments revealed that
conceptual knowledge and knowledge of the name of the emotion draw on
neuroanatomically separable systems. Right somatosensory-related cortices
thus constitute an additional critical component that functions together
with structures such as the amygdala and right visual cortices in retrieving
socially relevant information from faces.
Medline Identifier
20195730
Institution
Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of
Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
ralph-adolphs@uiowa.edu
4. Mandal MK. Borod JC. Asthana HS. Mohanty A. Mohanty S. Koff E. Effects
of lesion variables and emotion type on the perception of facial emotion.
Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 187(10):603-9, 1999 Oct. HEALTH
SCIENCES LIBRARY OWNS - CLICK ON LIBRARY HOLDINGS
UI: 10535653
The purpose of this study was to consider the effects of valence, motoric
direction (i.e., approach/withdrawal), and arousal on the perception of
facial emotion in patients with unilateral cortical lesions. We also
examined the influence of lesion side, site, and size on emotional
perception. Subjects were 30 right-hemisphere-damaged (RHD) and 30
left-hemisphere-damaged (LHD) male patients with focal lesions restricted
primarily to the frontal, temporal, or parietal lobe. Patient groups were
comparable on demographic and clinical neurological variables. Subjects were
tested for their ability to match photographs of four facial emotional
expressions: happiness, sadness, fear, and anger. Overall, RHD patients were
significantly more impaired than LHD patients in perceiving facial emotion.
Lesion side, but not site, was associated with motoric direction and valence
dimensions. RHD patients had specific deficits relative to LHD patients in
processing negative and withdrawal emotions; there were no group differences
for positive/approach emotions. Lesion size was not significantly correlated
with accuracy of emotional perception.
Medline Identifier
20004311
Institution
Department of Humanities & Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur, India.
5. Zahn TP. Grafman J. Tranel D. Frontal lobe lesions and electrodermal
activity: effects of significance. Neuropsychologia. 37(11):1227-41, 1999
Oct. HSL OWNS PRINT & ONLINE hslnet.med.virginia.edu/ejrnl.html
UI: 10530723
Several studies have shown that cortical damage, especially to the right
hemisphere and to frontal lobes, may attenuate skin conductance responses
selectively to psychologically significant stimuli. We tested this
hypothesis in 32 patients with frontal lesions, verified by computer
assisted tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and 45 healthy controls.
Patients and controls were given a protocol which included a rest period, a
series of innocuous tones, and a reaction time task. Patients were given a
second protocol in which they viewed slides with positive and negative
emotional content and neutral slides. Results showed attenuated
electrodermal activity (EDA) during task instructions and smaller skin
conductance responses to reaction-time stimuli in patients compared to
controls but few differences under passive conditions or in orienting
responses to simple tones. Patients with lateral prefrontal and
paraventricular lesions were especially low in EDA in the reaction time
task, and those with right and bilateral lesions in the cingulate gyrus
and/or frontal operculum had attenuated EDA in both protocols. We conclude
that the effects of certain frontal lesions are on the psychological
response to significance which is indexed by EDA rather than directly on EDA
per se.
Medline Identifier
99458306
Institution
Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health,
Bethesda, MD 20892-9005, USA.
6. Paradiso S. Chemerinski E. Yazici KM. Tartaro A. Robinson RG. Frontal
lobe syndrome reassessed: comparison of patients with lateral or medial
frontal brain damage. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.
67(5):664-7, 1999 Nov. HSL OWNS PRINT & ONLINE
hslnet.med.virginia.edu/ejrnl.html
UI: 10519877
Examination of mood and behaviour changes after frontal damage may
contribute to understanding the functional role of distinct prefrontal areas
in depression and anxiety. Depression and anxiety disorders, symptoms, and
behaviour were compared in eight patients with single lateral and eight
patients with single medial frontal lesions matched for age, sex, race,
education, socioeconomic status, side, and aetiology of lesion 2 weeks and 3
months after brain injury. DSM IV major depressive and generalised anxiety
disorders were more frequent in patients with lateral compared with medial
lesions at 2 weeks but not at 3 months. At 3 months, however, patients with
lateral damage showed greater severity of depressive symptoms, and greater
impairment in both activities of daily living and social functioning. At
initial evaluation depressed mood and slowness were more frequent, whereas
at 3 months slowness, lack of energy, and social unease were more frequent
in the lateral than the medial group. Patients with lateral lesions showed
greater reduction of emotion and motivation (apathy) during both
examinations. Medial frontal injury may fail to produce emotional
dysregulation or may inhibit experience of mood changes, anxiety, or apathy.
Lateral prefrontal damage may disrupt mood regulation and drive while
leaving intact the ability to experience (negative) emotions.
Medline Identifier
99451146
Institution
Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52241, USA.
sergio-paradiso@uiowa.edu
7. Montreys CR. Borod JC. A preliminary evaluation of emotional experience
and expression following unilateral brain damage. International Journal of
Neuroscience. 96(3-4):269-83, 1998 Dec. HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY OWNS - CLICK
ON LIBRARY HOLDINGS
UI: 10069626
In this preliminary study, hemispheric specialization for the experience and
expression of emotion was investigated. Subjects were right-brain-damaged
(RBD), left-brain-damaged (LBD), and normal control (NC) right-handed
adults, carefully matched on demographic and neurological variables. Facial
expressions were videotaped while subjects described recollected emotional
and nonemotional experiences. Expressions were later rated by trained judges
for emotional intensity and category accuracy. To examine experience,
subjects evaluated the intensity and accuracy with which they had produced
their monologues. RBDs produced less intense facial expressions and reported
less intense emotional experiences than LBDs and NCs. LBDs rated themselves
as producing expressions with less accuracy than did RBDs and NCs. These
findings are consistent with research that supports the right-hemisphere
hypothesis for emotion. In addition, judges' ratings and subjects'
self-reports of emotional intensity were positively correlated for normal
but not for brain-damaged subjects.
Medline Identifier
99167156
Institution
Queens College and the Graduate School, City University of New York,
Flushing 11367, USA.
8. Grafman J. Schwab K. Warden D. Pridgen A. Brown HR. Salazar AM. Frontal
lobe injuries, violence, and aggression: a report of the Vietnam Head Injury
Study. Neurology. 46(5):1231-8, 1996 May. HSL OWNS PRINT & ONLINE
hslnet.med.virginia.edu/ejrnl.html
UI: 8628458
Knowledge stored in the human prefrontal cortex may exert control over more
primitive behavioral reactions to environmental provocation. Therefore,
following frontal lobe lesions, patients are more likely to use physical
intimidation or verbal threats in potential or actual confrontational
situations. To test this hypothesis, we examined the relationship between
frontal lobe lesions and the presence of aggressive and violent behavior.
Fifty-seven normal controls and 279 veterans, matched for age, education,
and time in Vietnam, who had suffered penetrating head injuries during their
service in Vietnam, were studied. Family observations and self-reports were
collected using scales and questionnaires that assessed a range of
aggressive and violent attitudes and behavior. Two Aggression/Violence Scale
scores, based on observer ratings, were constructed. The results indicated
that patients with frontal ventromedial lesions consistently demonstrated
Aggression/Violence Scale scores significantly higher than controls and
patients with lesions in other brain areas. Higher Aggression/Violence Scale
scores were generally associated with verbal confrontations rather than
physical assaults, which were less frequently reported. The presence of
aggressive and violent behaviors was not associated with the total size of
the lesion nor whether the patient had seizures, but was associated with a
disruption of family activities. These findings support the hypothesis that
ventromedial frontal lobe lesions increase the risk of aggressive and
violent behavior.
Medline Identifier
96212551
Institution
Cognitive Neuroscience Section, NIH/NINDS/MNB, Bethesda, MD 20892-1440, USA.
9. Mochizuki H. Saito H. Mesial frontal lobe syndromes: correlations
between neurological deficits and radiological localizations. [Review] [18
refs] Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 161 Suppl:231-9, 1990 Aug.
HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY OWNS - CLICK ON LIBRARY HOLDINGS
UI: 2082501
In order to detect the functional subsets of the mesial frontal lobe, 26
patients with lesions involving mesial frontal lobe were investigated. The
results were summarized as follows; (1) Hemiparesis predominantly in lower
extremity was common motor deficit in patients with mesial frontal motor
cortices. Four patients with supplementary motor damage sparing motor cortex
showed long lasting hemiparesis. (2) Verbal adynamia was common symptom due
to left supplementary motor and superior prefrontal damage. Transient mutism
was found in two patients with superior prefrontal damage without the
involvement of supplementary motor cortex. (3) Emotional disturbance
characterized by depressed motivation was also common. No hemispheric
laterality could be detected in these patients. (4) Dementia and memory
disturbance related to the pole and anterior area of superior prefrontal
damage. (5) Transient urinary incontinence was presented only by right
superior prefrontal damage, and permanent incontinence related with
bilateral damage. (6) Akinetic mutism was related with bilateral large
damage including cingulate. (7) Motor neglect and dressing apraxia possibly
due to programming disturbance related to lesions in right hemisphere.
[References: 18]
Medline Identifier
91188451
Institution
Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai.
10. Grafman J. Vance SC. Weingartner H. Salazar AM. Amin D. The effects of
lateralized frontal lesions on mood regulation. Brain. 109 ( Pt 6):1127-48,
1986 Dec. HSL OWNS PRINT & ONLINE hslnet.med.virginia.edu/ejrnl.html
UI: 3790971
A group of Vietnam veterans with penetrating brain wounds to the
orbitofrontal, dorsofrontal, and nonfrontal cortex were compared with a
stratified control group of self-report and observed measures of mood state
and cognition. In particular, hypotheses regarding the regulation of anxiety
by frontal cortical mechanisms were evaluated. Results indicated that
patients with right orbitofrontal lesions were prone to abnormally increased
'edginess'/anxiety and depression, whereas patients with left dorsofrontal
lesions were prone to abnormally increased anger/hostility. A working model
of mood state regulation is presented which represents the thesis that mood
sensations are subject to numerous cognitive and biological influences that
result in a variety of expressions of a particular mood disorder.
Medline Identifier
87077400
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1. Berthoz S. Artiges E. Van De Moortele PF. Poline JB. Rouquette S.
Consoli SM. Martinot JL. Effect of impaired recognition and expression of
emotions on frontocingulate cortices: an fMRI study of men with alexithymia.
American Journal of Psychiatry. 159(6):961-7, 2002 Jun. HSL OWNS PRINT &
ONLINE hslnet.med.virginia.edu/ejrnl.html
UI: 12042184
OBJECTIVE: Although the brain areas involved in emotional response and in
the recognition of others' emotions have been reported, the neural bases of
individual differences in affective style remain to be elucidated.
Alexithymia, i.e., impairment of the ability to identify and communicate
one's emotional state, influences how emotions are regulated. Alexithymia
has been hypothesized to involve anterior cingulate dysfunction. Therefore,
the authors searched for differential cerebral regional activation in
response to emotional stimuli in subjects with alexithymia. METHOD: Two
groups of eight men each were selected from 437 healthy subjects on the
basis of high or low scores on the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Using
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the authors compared the two
groups for their regional cerebral activation in response to the
presentation of pictures with validated positive or negative arousal
capabilities. RESULTS: Men with alexithymia demonstrated less cerebral
activation in the left mediofrontal-paracingulate cortex in response to
highly negative stimuli and more activation in the anterior cingulate,
mediofrontal cortex, and middle frontal gyrus in response to highly positive
stimuli than men without alexithymia. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide
direct evidence that alexithymia, a personality trait playing a role in
affect regulation, is linked with differences in anterior cingulate and
mediofrontal activity during emotional stimuli processing.
Medline Identifier
22037441
Institution
Equipe de Recherche ERM 0205, Imagerie Cerebrale en Psychiatrie, Institut
National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Service Hospitalier
Frederic Joliot-Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Orsay, France.
2. Adolphs R. Neural systems for recognizing emotion. [Review] [99 refs]
Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 12(2):169-77, 2002 Apr. HSL OWNS PRINT &
ONLINE hslnet.med.virginia.edu/ejrnl.html
UI: 12015233
Recognition of emotion draws on a distributed set of structures that include
the occipitotemporal neocortex, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex and right
frontoparietal cortices. Recognition of fear may draw especially on the
amygdala and the detection of disgust may rely on the insula and basal
ganglia. Two important mechanisms for recognition of emotions are the
construction of a simulation of the observed emotion in the perceiver, and
the modulation of sensory cortices via top-down influences. [References: 99]
Medline Identifier
22010036
Institution
Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, 200 Hawkins
Drive, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 52242, USA.
ralph-adolphs@uiowa.edu
3. Zysset S. Huber O. Ferstl E. von Cramon DY. The anterior frontomedian
cortex and evaluative judgment: an fMRI study. Neuroimage. 15(4):983-91,
2002 Apr. NOT OWNED BY HS LIBRARY - CLICK ON LIBRARY HOLDINGS
UI: 11906238
This study investigated the neuronal basis of evaluative judgment. Judgments
can be defined as the assessment of an external or internal stimulus on an
internal scale and they are fundamental for decision-making and other
cognitive processes. Evaluative judgments (I like George W. Bush: yes/no)
are a special type of judgment, in which the internal scale is related to
the person's value system (preferences, norms, aesthetic values, etc.). We
used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain activation
during the performance of evaluative judgments as opposed to episodic and
semantic memory retrieval. Evaluative judgment produced significant
activation in the anterior frontomedian cortex (BA 10/9), the inferior
precuneus (BA 23/31), and the left inferior prefrontal cortex (BA 45/47).
The results show a functional dissociation between the activations in the
anterior frontomedian cortex and in the inferior precuneus. The latter was
mainly activated by episodic retrieval processes, supporting its function as
a multimodal association area that integrates the different aspects of
retrieved and newly presented information. In contrast, the anterior
frontomedian cortex was mainly involved in evaluative judgments, supporting
its role in self-referential processes and in the self-initiation of
cognitive processes. (C)2002 Elsevier Science (USA).
Medline Identifier
21904925
Institution
Max-Planck-Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany.
4. Gray JR. Braver TS. Raichle ME. Integration of emotion and cognition in
the lateral prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America. 99(6):4115-20, 2002 Mar 19. HSL
OWNS PRINT & ONLINE hslnet.med.virginia.edu/ejrnl.html
UI: 11904454
We used functional MRI to test the hypothesis that emotional states can
selectively influence cognition-related neural activity in lateral
prefrontal cortex (PFC), as evidence for an integration of emotion and
cognition. Participants (n = 14) watched short videos intended to induce
emotional states (pleasant/approach related, unpleasant/withdrawal related,
or neutral). After each video, the participants were scanned while
performing a 3-back working memory task having either words or faces as
stimuli. Task-related neural activity in bilateral PFC showed a predicted
pattern: an Emotion x Stimulus crossover interaction, with no main effects,
with activity predicting task performance. This highly specific result
indicates that emotion and higher cognition can be truly integrated, i.e.,
at some point of processing, functional specialization is lost, and emotion
and cognition conjointly and equally contribute to the control of thought
and behavior. Other regions in lateral PFC showed hemispheric specialization
for emotion and for stimuli separately, consistent with a hierarchical and
hemisphere-based mechanism of integration.
Medline Identifier
21902095
Institution
Department of Psychology, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St.
Louis, MO 63130, USA.
5. Moll J. de Oliveira-Souza R. Eslinger PJ. Bramati IE. Mourao-Miranda J.
Andreiuolo PA. Pessoa L. The neural correlates of moral sensitivity: a
functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of basic and moral
emotions. Journal of Neuroscience. 22(7):2730-6, 2002 Apr 1. HSL OWNS PRINT
& ONLINE hslnet.med.virginia.edu/ejrnl.html
UI: 11923438
Humans are endowed with a natural sense of fairness that permeates social
perceptions and interactions. This moral stance is so ubiquitous that we may
not notice it as a fundamental component of daily decision making and in the
workings of many legal, political, and social systems. Emotion plays a
pivotal role in moral experience by assigning human values to events,
objects, and actions. Although the brain correlates of basic emotions have
been explored, the neural organization of "moral emotions" in the human
brain remains poorly understood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging
and a passive visual task, we show that both basic and moral emotions
activate the amygdala, thalamus, and upper midbrain. The orbital and medial
prefrontal cortex and the superior temporal sulcus are also recruited by
viewing scenes evocative of moral emotions. Our results indicate that the
orbital and medial sectors of the prefrontal cortex and the superior
temporal sulcus region, which are critical regions for social behavior and
perception, play a central role in moral appraisals. We suggest that the
automatic tagging of ordinary social events with moral values may be an
important mechanism for implicit social behaviors in humans.
Medline Identifier
21921027
Institution
Neuroimaging and Behavioral Neurology Group, Hospitais D'Or and LABS, RJ,
22281-081, Brazil. jmoll@neuroimage.com
6. Davidson RJ. Anxiety and affective style: role of prefrontal cortex and
amygdala. [Review] [152 refs] Biological Psychiatry. 51(1):68-80, 2002 Jan
1. HSL OWNS PRINT & ONLINE hslnet.med.virginia.edu/ejrnl.html
UI: 11801232
This article reviews the modern literature on two key aspects of the central
circuitry of emotion: the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the amygdala. There
are several different functional divisions of the PFC, including the
dorsolateral, ventromedial, and orbital sectors. Each of these regions plays
some role in affective processing that shares the feature of representing
affect in the absence of immediate rewards and punishments as well as in
different aspects of emotional regulation. The amygdala appears to be
crucial for the learning of new stimulus-threat contingencies and also
appears to be important in the expression of cue-specific fear. Individual
differences in both tonic activation and phasic reactivity in this circuit
play an important role in governing different aspects of anxiety. Emphasis
is placed on affective chronometry, or the time course of emotional
responding, as a key attribute of individual differences in propensity for
anxiety that is regulated by this circuitry. [References: 152]
Medline Identifier
21659270
Institution
Laboratory for Affective Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
7. Shin LM. Whalen PJ. Pitman RK. Bush G. Macklin ML. Lasko NB. Orr SP.
McInerney SC. Rauch SL. An fMRI study of anterior cingulate function in
posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 50(12):932-42, 2001
Dec 15. HSL OWNS PRINT & ONLINE hslnet.med.virginia.edu/ejrnl.html
UI: 11750889
BACKGROUND: Several recent neuroimaging studies have provided data
consistent with functional abnormalities in anterior cingulate cortex in
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In our study, we implemented a
cognitive activation paradigm to test the functional integrity of anterior
cingulate cortex in PTSD. METHODS: Eight Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD
(PTSD Group) and eight Vietnam combat veterans without PTSD (non-PTSD Group)
underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing the
Emotional Counting Stroop. In separate conditions, subjects counted the
number of combat-related (Combat), generally negative (General Negative),
and neutral (Neutral) words presented on a screen and pressed a button
indicating their response. RESULTS: In the Combat versus General Negative
comparison, the non-PTSD group exhibited significant fMRI blood oxygenation
level-dependent signal increases in rostral anterior cingulate cortex, but
the PTSD group did not. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a diminished
response in rostral anterior cingulate cortex in the presence of emotionally
relevant stimuli in PTSD. We speculate that diminished recruitment of this
region in PTSD may, in part, mediate symptoms such as distress and arousal
upon exposure to reminders of trauma.
Medline Identifier
21621488
Institution
Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
8. Houde O. Zago L. Crivello F. Moutier S. Pineau A. Mazoyer B.
Tzourio-Mazoyer N. Access to deductive logic depends on a right ventromedial
prefrontal area devoted to emotion and feeling: evidence from a training
paradigm. Neuroimage. 14(6):1486-92, 2001 Dec. NOT OWNED BY HS LIBRARY -
CLICK ON LIBRARY HOLDINGS
UI: 11707105
Does the human capacity for access to deductive logic depend on emotion and
feeling? With positron emission tomography, we compared the brain networks
recruited by two groups of subjects who were either able or not able to
shift from errors to logical responses in a deductive reasoning task. They
were scanned twice while performing the same task, before and after a
training session. The error-to-logical shift occurred in a group that
underwent logicoemotional training but not in the other group, trained in
logic only-a "cold" kind of training. The intergroup comparison pointed out
that access to deductive logic involved a right ventromedial prefrontal area
known to be devoted to emotion and feeling. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
Medline Identifier
21564451
Institution
Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, UMR 6095, CNRS, CEA, Universite de
Caen, 14000 Caen, France. houde@cyceron.fr
9. Blood AJ. Zatorre RJ. Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate
with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
98(20):11818-23, 2001 Sep 25. HSL OWNS PRINT & ONLINE
hslnet.med.virginia.edu/ejrnl.html
UI: 11573015
We used positron emission tomography to study neural mechanisms underlying
intensely pleasant emotional responses to music. Cerebral blood flow changes
were measured in response to subject-selected music that elicited the highly
pleasurable experience of "shivers-down-the-spine" or "chills." Subjective
reports of chills were accompanied by changes in heart rate, electromyogram,
and respiration. As intensity of these chills increased, cerebral blood flow
increases and decreases were observed in brain regions thought to be
involved in reward/motivation, emotion, and arousal, including ventral
striatum, midbrain, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventral medial
prefrontal cortex. These brain structures are known to be active in response
to other euphoria-inducing stimuli, such as food, sex, and drugs of abuse.
This finding links music with biologically relevant, survival-related
stimuli via their common recruitment of brain circuitry involved in pleasure
and reward.
Medline Identifier
21457361
Institution
Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
ablood@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu
10. Wright CI. Fischer H. Whalen PJ. McInerney SC. Shin LM. Rauch SL.
Differential prefrontal cortex and amygdala habituation to repeatedly
presented emotional stimuli. NeuroReport. 12(2):379-83, 2001 Feb 12,. HEALTH
SCIENCES LIBRARY OWNS - CLICK ON LIBRARY HOLDINGS
UI: 11209954
Repeated presentations of emotional facial expressions were used to assess
habituation in the human brain using fMRI. Significant fMRI signal decrement
was present in the left dorsolateral prefrontal and premotor cortex, and
right amygdala. Within the left prefrontal cortex greater habituation to
happy vs fearful stimuli was evident, suggesting devotion of sustained
neural resources for processing of threat vs safety signals. In the
amygdala, significantly greater habituation was observed on the right
compared to the left. In contrast, the left amygdala was significantly more
activated than the right to the contrast of fear vs happy. We speculate that
the right amygdala is part of a dynamic emotional stimulus detection system,
while the left is specialized for sustained stimulus evaluations.
Medline Identifier
21077273
Institution
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard
Medical School, Charlestown 02129, USA.
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