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Subject: [bitcoin-dev] A payout scheme for a non custodial mining pool
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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qiOOSOT7epX658_nhjz-jj0DlnSRvytemOv_u_O=
tMcc/edit?usp=3Dsharing


Dear community,

In the last months there have been several discussions about the topic of
covenants and payment pools

[0]. It has been difficult to approach these topics as it seems that there
is no agreement in a precise

definition on what is a covenant or what is a payment pool. This is
probably due to the great generality

of these two concepts. Perhaps, a good approach to study them is to look at
some different use-cases

and see which are the properties that appear more often and enclose them in
a clear definition. About

payment pools, that may be considered themself as a covenant, we
specialized further, studying a payment

pool=E2=80=99s scheme that may be used for the miners of a mining pool in o=
rder to
share the ownership of the

coinbase reward [1]. This would make the pool non-custodial.

The main pools now are custodial, in the sense that they collect the
rewards of mining, and use them

subsequently to pay the miners. As there are few large pools that find
almost all the blocks, custodial

polls increase the level of centralization in a protocol born to be
decentralized and consensus ruled.

This is why we generally want non-custodial pools.

The only non-custodial payment pool that appeared is P2Pool, active some
years ago, that was also decentralized.

In P2Pool, the miners were paid directly by an output of the coinbase
transaction. This implies a very

large coinbase, preventing the inclusion of more transactions in the block,
and therefore collecting

less fees and making the mining less profitable, compared to a custodial
pool. This makes the P2Pool

payout scheme inappropriate considering also that there is big effort in
keeping blockchain light, with

several off-chain protocols.

Our scheme uses ANYPREVOUT signatures and it is based on the idea of
payment trees. A payment tree is

a tree of transactions that redistributes the funds to the payment pool
participants, having their address

to the leaves. The root contains the funds of the payment pool on n-of-n
multisig. We allow payment trees

for future payment pools, in which the input=E2=80=99s references of the
transactions are left empty and the

signatures are ANYPREVOUT.

This makes it possible to safely create a payment pool, merge two payment
pools and withdraw funds from

a payment pool.

Why do we use ANYPREVOUT? Most payment pool structures use precompiled
transactions for allowing safe

withdrawal. The signatures of these transactions clearly commits to the
extranonce of the coinbase. So,

if the payment pool is set for the co-ownership of the mining reward, there
must be a set of precompiled

transactions for every extranonce tried by every miner, that may not be
feasible.

The use of ANYPREVOUT allow the miners to collectively construct a payment
tree that =E2=80=9Cwaits=E2=80=9D the rewards,

in the case that some miners finds a block. This payment tree is unique for
all miners.

We assume the pool to be centralized, even though our payment pool scheme
perhaps can be generalized

to decentralized pools. We compared the average space occupied on the
blockchain and compared with the

one of P2Pool. The results seem to be promising in this aspect, and are
even better if the Pool is KYC.

Clearly, this is just a very brief summary of our work, that is enclosed
and labeled as an RFC. So, every

remark or comment may be very appreciated.


Authors:

   -

   Lorban (HRF), https://github.com/lorbax/, lorenzo.bonax@gmail.com
   -

   Fi3, https://github.com/fi3/
   -

   Rachel Rybarczyk (Galaxy Digital), https://github.com/rrybarczyk

PS
Please note that although the linked document bears some resemblance to a
research paper, it is presented as an RFC. We chose to publish it as an RFC
because it is not intended to be a comprehensive work.

[0]
https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2022-July/020763.ht=
ml

[1]
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qiOOSOT7epX658_nhjz-jj0DlnSRvytemOv_u_O=
tMcc/edit?usp=3Dsharing

--00000000000075486905facbfe54
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Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<div dir=3D"ltr"><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;ma=
rgin-bottom:0pt" id=3D"gmail-docs-internal-guid-6964bd70-7fff-0d0e-503e-ab8=
4601abcff"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0)=
;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-varian=
t:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"=
><a href=3D"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qiOOSOT7epX658_nhjz-jj0DlnS=
RvytemOv_u_OtMcc/edit?usp=3Dsharing">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qi=
OOSOT7epX658_nhjz-jj0DlnSRvytemOv_u_OtMcc/edit?usp=3Dsharing</a><br></span>=
</p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0=
pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);backgr=
ound-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:norma=
l;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><br></=
span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bot=
tom:0pt" id=3D"gmail-docs-internal-guid-ed790be8-7fff-cd7b-cba3-d2110597bd1=
5"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);backgro=
und-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal=
;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Dear co=
mmunity,</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;=
margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rg=
b(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;fon=
t-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:p=
re-wrap">In the last months there have been several discussions about the t=
opic of covenants and payment pools</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-=
height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weigh=
t:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-a=
lign:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">[0]. It has been difficult to approach =
these topics as it seems that there is no agreement in a precise</span></p>=
<p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">=
<span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background=
-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;te=
xt-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">definition=
 on what is a covenant or what is a payment pool. This is probably due to t=
he great generality</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;marg=
in-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Ari=
al;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style=
:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;wh=
ite-space:pre-wrap">of these two concepts. Perhaps, a good approach to stud=
y them is to look at some different use-cases</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" styl=
e=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font=
-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;=
font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;=
vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">and see which are the propert=
ies that appear more often and enclose them in a clear definition. About</s=
pan></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bott=
om:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);ba=
ckground-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:n=
ormal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">pa=
yment pools, that may be considered themself as a covenant, we specialized =
further, studying a payment</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1=
.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-fa=
mily:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;fo=
nt-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:bas=
eline;white-space:pre-wrap">pool=E2=80=99s scheme that may be used for the =
miners of a mining pool in order to share the ownership of the</span></p><p=
 dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><s=
pan style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-c=
olor:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text=
-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">coinbase rew=
ard [1]. This would make the pool non-custodial.</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" s=
tyle=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"f=
ont-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transpare=
nt;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:no=
ne;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The main pools now are cus=
todial, in the sense that they collect the rewards of mining, and use them<=
/span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bo=
ttom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);=
background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant=
:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">=
subsequently to pay the miners. As there are few large pools that find almo=
st all the blocks, custodial</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:=
1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-f=
amily:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;f=
ont-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:ba=
seline;white-space:pre-wrap">polls increase the level of centralization in =
a protocol born to be decentralized and consensus ruled.</span></p><p dir=
=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span =
style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color=
:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-dec=
oration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">This is why we g=
enerally want non-custodial pools.</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-h=
eight:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;=
font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight=
:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-al=
ign:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The only non-custodial payment pool that=
 appeared is P2Pool, active some years ago, that was also decentralized.</s=
pan></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bott=
om:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);ba=
ckground-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:n=
ormal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">In=
 P2Pool, the miners were paid directly by an output of the coinbase transac=
tion. This implies a very</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.3=
8;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-fami=
ly:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font=
-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:basel=
ine;white-space:pre-wrap">large coinbase, preventing the inclusion of more =
transactions in the block, and therefore collecting</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr=
" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=
=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:tran=
sparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decorati=
on:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">less fees and making =
the mining less profitable, compared to a custodial pool. This makes the P2=
Pool</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;marg=
in-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,=
0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-va=
riant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-w=
rap">payout scheme inappropriate considering also that there is big effort =
in keeping blockchain light, with</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-he=
ight:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;f=
ont-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:=
400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-ali=
gn:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">several off-chain protocols.</span></p><p=
 dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><s=
pan style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-c=
olor:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text=
-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Our scheme u=
ses ANYPREVOUT signatures and it is based on the idea of payment trees. A p=
ayment tree is</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-to=
p:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;co=
lor:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:norm=
al;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-s=
pace:pre-wrap">a tree of transactions that redistributes the funds to the p=
ayment pool participants, having their address</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" sty=
le=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent=
;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none=
;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">to the leaves. The root cont=
ains the funds of the payment pool on n-of-n multisig. We allow payment tre=
es</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin=
-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,=
0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-vari=
ant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wra=
p">for future payment pools, in which the input=E2=80=99s references of the=
 transactions are left empty and the</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line=
-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11p=
t;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weig=
ht:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-=
align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">signatures are ANYPREVOUT.</span></p><=
p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><=
span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-=
color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;tex=
t-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">This makes =
it possible to safely create a payment pool, merge two payment pools and wi=
thdraw funds from</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin=
-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial=
;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:n=
ormal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;whit=
e-space:pre-wrap">a payment pool.</span></p><br><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"lin=
e-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11=
pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-wei=
ght:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical=
-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Why do we use ANYPREVOUT? Most paymen=
t pool structures use precompiled transactions for allowing safe</span></p>=
<p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">=
<span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background=
-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;te=
xt-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">withdrawal=
. The signatures of these transactions clearly commits to the extranonce of=
 the coinbase. So,</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margi=
n-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Aria=
l;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:=
normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;whi=
te-space:pre-wrap">if the payment pool is set for the co-ownership of the m=
ining reward, there must be a set of precompiled</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" s=
tyle=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"f=
ont-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transpare=
nt;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:no=
ne;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">transactions for every ext=
ranonce tried by every miner, that may not be feasible.</span></p><p dir=3D=
"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span sty=
le=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:tr=
ansparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decora=
tion:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The use of ANYPREVO=
UT allow the miners to collectively construct a payment tree that =E2=80=9C=
waits=E2=80=9D the rewards,</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1=
.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-fa=
mily:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;fo=
nt-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:bas=
eline;white-space:pre-wrap">in the case that some miners finds a block. Thi=
s payment tree is unique for all miners.</span></p><br><p dir=3D"ltr" style=
=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-=
size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;f=
ont-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;v=
ertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">We assume the pool to be centr=
alized, even though our payment pool scheme perhaps can be generalized</spa=
n></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom=
:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);back=
ground-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:nor=
mal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">to d=
ecentralized pools. We compared the average space occupied on the blockchai=
n and compared with the</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;=
margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family=
:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-s=
tyle:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baselin=
e;white-space:pre-wrap">one of P2Pool. The results seem to be promising in =
this aspect, and are even better if the Pool is KYC.</span></p><br><p dir=
=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span =
style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color=
:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-dec=
oration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Clearly, this is=
 just a very brief summary of our work, that is enclosed and labeled as an =
RFC. So, every</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-to=
p:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;co=
lor:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:norm=
al;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-s=
pace:pre-wrap">remark or comment may be very appreciated.</span></p><p dir=
=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt" id=3D"=
gmail-docs-internal-guid-90a39756-7fff-4eb1-7865-91daf252bc8b"></p><p dir=
=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><br></=
p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt=
"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);backgrou=
nd-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;=
text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Authors:=
</span></p><ul style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px"><li dir=3D"ltr" s=
tyle=3D"list-style-type:disc;font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0=
,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-var=
iant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre"><=
p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt" =
role=3D"presentation"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color=
:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;=
font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-spac=
e:pre-wrap">Lorban (HRF),</span><a href=3D"https://github.com/lorbax/" styl=
e=3D"text-decoration:none"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;=
color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:no=
rmal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white=
-space:pre-wrap"> </span><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;co=
lor:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:=
normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baselin=
e;white-space:pre-wrap">https://github.com/lorbax/</span></a><span style=3D=
"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transpa=
rent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:=
none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">, <a href=3D"mailto:lore=
nzo.bonax@gmail.com">lorenzo.bonax@gmail.com</a></span></p></li><li dir=3D"=
ltr" style=3D"list-style-type:disc;font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:r=
gb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;fo=
nt-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:=
pre"><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:=
0pt" role=3D"presentation"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;=
color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:no=
rmal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white=
-space:pre-wrap">Fi3,</span><a href=3D"https://github.com/fi3/" style=3D"te=
xt-decoration:none"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:r=
gb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;fo=
nt-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:=
pre-wrap"> </span><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb=
(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;=
font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white=
-space:pre-wrap">https://github.com/fi3/</span></a></p></li><li dir=3D"ltr"=
 style=3D"list-style-type:disc;font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0=
,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-v=
ariant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre"=
><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:12pt=
" role=3D"presentation"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;col=
or:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:norma=
l;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-sp=
ace:pre-wrap">Rachel Rybarczyk (Galaxy Digital),</span><a href=3D"https://g=
ithub.com/rrybarczyk" style=3D"text-decoration:none"><span style=3D"font-si=
ze:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;fon=
t-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;ver=
tical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span><span style=3D"font-size=
:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;f=
ont-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underl=
ine;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://github.com/rrybar=
czyk</span></a></p></li></ul><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margi=
n-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Ar=
ial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-styl=
e:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;w=
hite-space:pre-wrap">PS</span><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Ari=
al;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style=
:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;wh=
ite-space:pre-wrap"><br></span><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Ar=
ial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-styl=
e:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;w=
hite-space:pre-wrap">Please note that although the linked document bears so=
me resemblance to a research paper, it is presented as an RFC. We chose to =
publish it as an RFC because it is not intended to be a comprehensive work.=
</span></p><br><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;mar=
gin-bottom:12pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(=
0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-=
variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre=
-wrap">[0]</span><a href=3D"https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bit=
coin-dev/2022-July/020763.html" style=3D"text-decoration:none"><span style=
=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:tran=
sparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decorati=
on:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span><span style=
=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:=
transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-deco=
ration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://list=
s.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2022-July/020763.html</span></a=
></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:=
0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);backg=
round-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:norm=
al;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">[1]</=
span><a href=3D"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qiOOSOT7epX658_nhjz-jj0=
DlnSRvytemOv_u_OtMcc/edit?usp=3Dsharing" style=3D"text-decoration:none"><sp=
an style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);backgroun=
d-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;t=
ext-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">http=
s://docs.google.com/document/d/1qiOOSOT7epX658_nhjz-jj0DlnSRvytemOv_u_OtMcc=
/edit?usp=3Dsharing</span><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;c=
olor:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style=
:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseli=
ne;white-space:pre-wrap"><br></span><span style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-fami=
ly:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;=
font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-al=
ign:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><br><br></span></a></p><br><br><br><p di=
r=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span=
 style=3D"font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-colo=
r:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-de=
coration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"></span></p></di=
v>

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