[p2p-research] The link between poverty, (de)centralisation and (non)connectivity

Sat Jul 10 09:40:21 CEST 2010

as someone alerted me in facebook, poverty is relative to wants and needs,
so the statement, we all started from poverty, is problematic (read the
original affluent society by marshall sahlins)

also contradictory is that, if we all started everywhere in poverty, it was
in fact for most of the time a decentralized poverty, so that seems
contradictory,

nevertheless, at this historical conjuncture, I do agree that this is
precisely what we need to focus on, without of course, making it a fetish,

Michel

On Sat, Jul 10, 2010 at 6:35 AM, Ryan <rlanham1963 at gmail.com> wrote:

>
>
>  Sent to you by Ryan via Google Reader:
>
>
>  The link between poverty, (de)centralisation and (non)connectivity<http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/P2pFoundation/~3/ku77iXcRNOk/09>
> via P2P Foundation <http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/> by Michel Bauwens on
> 7/8/10
>
> A talk by *Iqbal Quadir* , “Technology Empowers the Poorest”, summarized<http://longnow.org/seminars/02008/may/21/technology-empowers-the-poorest/>by Kevin Kelly:
>
> *“In Quadir’s view, it’s not that centralization per se creates poverty.
> Poverty is the natural beginning state of all societies, east or west.
> Rather, decentralization is the engine which removes poverty and brings
> wealth. To the degree that infrastructure, education, and trade can be
> decentralized, wealth will rise in proportion. To the degree that
> infrastructure, education and trade are centralized, poverty will remain.*
>
> Whereas many of us in the west, particularly the digital west, agree with
> this intuitively, we act contrary to this observation when we give
> large-scale aid to poor countries. As Quadir’s colleague William Easterly
> argues in his book The Elusive Quest for Growth, the billions and billions
> of dollars spent on aid for developing countries has not only *not* helped,
> it has set them back decades. Aid, as we know it, kills development. This
> harm occurs because almost all previous aid has funneled through a central
> government or semi-governmental organizations and that official route
> tightens centrality. Even if the governments were saintly, and they are
> definitely not, the scale of money flowing through these centralizing nodes
> prohibits the distribution of resources, infrastructure, trade, and
> education. The more aid that arrives, the less development can actually
> happen.
>
> *Technology is the escape from this quandary. Quadir came to see that
> “technologies that connect” could liberate productivity. He matched his
> experience in Bangladesh as a 13-year-old boy having to walk 10 kilometers
> to get medicine, only to find out the medicine man he sought was not home,
> and then walking back empty handed, having wasted a day — all because there
> was no connection between his home and the pharmacist. Many years later in
> New York he wasted a day at work when there was no electricity to run phones
> or computers. Productivity required connectivity. If connectivity could be
> decentralized then it would lead to increased wealth.*
>
> Quadir settled on the cell phone as a way to decentralized connectivity. In
> the early 1990s cell phones were big, dumb, and very expensive. Calls were
> $3 per minute. Only the rich could afford them. But he wanted the poorest
> people in the world to get them. How would this be possible?
>
> First, he believed in Moore’s Law: that the phones would decrease in price
> and increase in power every year. That seemed inevitable to him. He said he
> could see “micro-chips marching toward the poor.” He was right about that.
> Second, he piggybacked his hopes on a remarkable invention of another
> Bangladeshi, Mohammad Yunus, who developed micro-financing (and later won a
> Nobel prize for this invention). In Yunus’ scheme a woman who owned
> virtually nothing could get a loan of $200 to purchase a cow. She would then
> sell the surplus milk of the cow to pay back the loan, earn both milk and an
> income for her family, and maybe buy another cow. Ordinarily, no bank would
> have lent her this trifling amount because she had no collateral, no
> education, and the costs of overseeing such a small loan with small gains,
> would have been prohibitive. Grameen Bank, Yunus’ creation, discovered that
> these illiterate peasants were actually more likely to repay these small
> loans, and were very happy to pay good interest rates, and so that in
> aggregate, these micro-loans were more profitable than loaning to large
> industrial players.
>
> Quadir proceeded to ask, what if the women could rent a cell phone instead
> of a cow? Grameen Bank could make a micro-loan to the poor for the purchase
> a cell phone, which they then could sell/rent minutes to the rest of the
> village. The enterprising phone-renter would benefit and more importantly,
> the entire village would benefit from the connectivity. It did not really
> matter if the minutes were expensive, because when you have no connection,
> you are willing to pay dearly for it. Quadir started off his GrameenPhone
> with 5 cell towers, and eventually GrameenPhone erected 5,000 towers.
>
> In 1993 when Quadir began, Bangladesh had one of the lowest penetrations of
> telephones on the planet — only one phone for every 500 people. GrameenPhone
> project unleashed 25 million phones. Today there are 100 times as many
> phones, or one per 5 people. Just as Quadir had envisioned, this
> decentralized connectivity has increased productivity. Without connectivity
> people waste a lot more time on economic errands. With cell connectivity
> farmers maximize their profits by getting real-time prices at distant
> markets; shepherds can call a vet, or order medicine. One study concluded
> that the total lifetime cost of an additional phone (including the cell
> tower and switching gear) was about $2,000, but that each phone enabled
> $50,000 of increased productivity. And surprisingly, the poorer the country
> to begin with, the greater the increase in wealth from connectivity.
>
> A lot of myths cloud the good intentions of developmental aid, Quadir says.
> Myths such as: poor countries have no resources, or that the poor don’t have
> discretionary spending, or aren’t concerned with brands,or aren’t good
> credit risks, and so on. All these assumptions have been proven untrue over
> and over again, and especially so with GrameenPhone. The chief myth it
> dispelled was that government needs to subsidize technological development,
> when in fact there is good money to be made enabling the productivity of the
> poor. As Quadir says, “You don’t make money on the poor, but with the poor.”
> At dinner I asked Iqbal what he would have done differently with
> GrameenPhone. He replied, “Kept more shares.”
>
> Quadir is now searching for other technologies to decentralize, and thereby
> become a tool to erase poverty. He is director of the Legatum Center for
> Development and Entrepreneurship at MIT, which has been funded with $50
> million. He is investigating whether energy can also be dethroned from its
> current mode of extremely centralized generation. Only 10% of the
> electricity produced at its source remains at the end of the wires as they
> reach homes and factories. Perhaps there are ways to decentralize its
> generation, which would trigger connections at the local level, and in his
> scheme, elevate wealth and democracy. If it worked, decentralized energy
> might also work in rich countries, increasing wealth and democracy in our
> part of the world as well.”
> <http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/P2pFoundation?a=ku77iXcRNOk:QK1fBr0cmYQ:7Q72WNTAKBA>
> <http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/P2pFoundation?a=ku77iXcRNOk:QK1fBr0cmYQ:D7DqB2pKExk>
> <http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/P2pFoundation?a=ku77iXcRNOk:QK1fBr0cmYQ:2mJPEYqXBVI>
>
>
>
>  Things you can do from here:
>
>    - Subscribe to P2P Foundation<http://www.google.com/reader/view/feed%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Ffeeds.feedburner.com%2FP2pFoundation?source=email>using
>    *Google Reader*
>    - Get started using Google Reader<http://www.google.com/reader/?source=email>to easily keep up with
>    *all your favorite sites*
>
>
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> p2presearch mailing list
> p2presearch at listcultures.org
> http://listcultures.org/mailman/listinfo/p2presearch_listcultures.org
>
>

-- 
P2P Foundation: http://p2pfoundation.net  - http://blog.p2pfoundation.net

Connect: http://p2pfoundation.ning.com; Discuss:
http://listcultures.org/mailman/listinfo/p2presearch_listcultures.org

Updates: http://del.icio.us/mbauwens; http://friendfeed.com/mbauwens;
http://twitter.com/mbauwens; http://www.facebook.com/mbauwens

Think tank: http://www.asianforesightinstitute.org/index.php/eng/The-AFI
-------------- next part --------------
An HTML attachment was scrubbed...
URL: <http://listcultures.org/pipermail/p2presearch_listcultures.org/attachments/20100710/67f07a1a/attachment-0001.html>