<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--[if lt IE 7]> <html lang="en" class="no-js ie6 lt-ie9 lt-ie8"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 7]>    <html lang="en" class="no-js ie7 lt-ie9 lt-ie8"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8]>    <html lang="en" class="no-js ie8 lt-ie9"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 9]>    <html lang="en" class="no-js ie9"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if gt IE 9]><!--> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <!--<![endif]-->
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
  <meta name="description" content=""/>
  <meta name="author" content=""/>
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"/>
  <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/>
  <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Berlin Heidelberg"/>
  <meta name="citation_title" content="Regulatory Oversight and Safety Assessment of Plants with Novel Traits"/>
  <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="553"/>
  <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="574"/>
  <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_26"/>
  <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/>
  <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_26"/>
  <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_26/fulltext.html"/>
  <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-642-02391-0_26.pdf"/>
  <meta name="citation_author" content="Yann Devos"/>
  <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), GMO Unit"/>
  <meta name="citation_author" content="Karine Lheureux"/>
  <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), GMO Unit"/>
  <meta name="citation_author" content="Joachim Schiemann"/>
  <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants"/>
  <meta name="citation_author_email" content="joachim.schiemann@jki.bund.de"/>
  <meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Genetic Modification of Plants"/>
  <meta name="citation_isbn" content="978-3-642-02390-3"/>
  <meta name="citation_isbn" content="978-3-642-02391-0"/>
  <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2010/01/01"/>
  <!--[if (gt IE 8) | (IEMobile)]><!--> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/static/0.6536/css/modern_link.min.css"> <!--<![endif]-->
  <!--[if (lt IE 9) & (!IEMobile)]> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/static/0.6536/css/ielt9_link.min.css"> <![endif]-->
  <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/static/0.6536/css/print.css"/>
  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/0.6536/sites/link/images/favicon.ico"/>
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" size="144x144" href="/static/0.6536/sites/link/images/apple-touch-icon-144x144-precomposed.png"/>
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" size="114x114" href="/static/0.6536/sites/link/images/apple-touch-icon-114x114-precomposed.png"/>
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" size="72x72" href="/static/0.6536/sites/link/images/apple-touch-icon-72x72-precomposed.png"/>
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" size="57x57" href="/static/0.6536/sites/link/images/apple-touch-icon-57x57-precomposed.png"/>
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/static/0.6536/sites/link/images/apple-touch-icon-57x57-precomposed.png"/>
  <link rel="canonical" href="http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-02391-0_26"/>
  <script type="text/javascript">window.jsErrors = [];window.onerror = function(errorMessage) {window.jsErrors[window.jsErrors.length] = errorMessage;}</script>
  <script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js');</script>
  <script type="text/javascript">
    var googletag = googletag || {};
    googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || [];
    (function() {
    var gads = document.createElement('script');
    gads.async = true;
    gads.type = 'text/javascript';
    var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol;
    gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') +
    '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js';
    var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
    node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node);
    })();
  </script>
  <script type="text/javascript" id="googletag-push">
    googletag.cmd.push(function() {
    googletag.defineSlot('6313/casper/book/chapter', [160, 600], 'doubleclick-ad').addService(googletag.pubads());
    googletag.pubads().setTargeting("eisbn","978-3-642-02391-0");
    googletag.pubads().setTargeting("pisbn","978-3-642-02390-3");
    googletag.pubads().setTargeting("doi","10.1007-978-3-642-02391-0_26");
    googletag.pubads().setTargeting("pissn","0934-943X");
    googletag.pubads().setTargeting("sucode",["Biomedical_and_Life_Sciences"]);
    googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest();
    googletag.enableServices();
    });
  </script>
  <title>Regulatory Oversight and Safety Assessment of Plants with Novel Traits - Springer</title>
</head>

<body class="company link" data-name="link">
  <div id="wrapper">
    <div id="header" role="banner">
  <h1>
  <a id="logo" href="/">
    <img src="/static/0.6536/sites/link/images/logo-base.png" alt="Logo Springer" title="SpringerLink"/>
  </a>
</h1>

  <span class="pillow-btn open-search" title="Open search">Search</span>
  <span class="pillow-btn open-menu" title="Open menu">Menu</span>
  <div class="panel-search">
    <form id="global-search" class="big-search" action="/search" method="get" role="search">
      <div class="search-field">
        <input id="query" class="text" name="query" type="text" autocomplete="off" value="" placeholder="Search"/>
      </div>
      <input id="search" class="search-submit" type="submit" value="Go"/>
      <div id="search-options" class="flyout">
        <span class="pillow-btn open-search-options" title="Open search options">Search Options</span>
        <div class="flyout-content">
          <ul>
            <li>
              <a id="advanced-search-link" href="/advanced-search">Advanced Search</a>
            </li>
            <li>
              <a id="search-help-link" href="/searchhelp">Search Help</a>
            </li>
          </ul>
        </div>
      </div>
    </form>
  </div>
  <div class="panel-menu">
    <div id="logo-company">
      <img class="first" src="/content/companylogo/8200420897" alt="PORTLAND STATE UNIV"/>
    </div>
    <ul id="global-nav" role="navigation">
      <li>
        <a href="/">Home</a>
      </li>
      <li>
        <a href="/contactus">Contact Us</a>
      </li>
    </ul>
    <div id="cross-nav">
      <div id="auth" class="flyout">
        <span class="flyout-caption">Sign up / Log in</span>
        <div class="flyout-content">
          <ul>
            <li>
              <a id="register-link" class="action" href="/signup-login?previousUrl=%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-02391-0_26%3Fno-access%3Dtrue">Sign up / Log in</a>
              <a id="institutional-link" class="action" href="/institutional-login?previousUrl=%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-02391-0_26%3Fno-access%3Dtrue">Institutional / Athens login</a>
            </li>
          </ul>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div id="lang" class="flyout">
        <span class="flyout-caption cur">English</span>
        <div class="flyout-content">
          <ul>
            <li>
              <a id="change-language-Deutsch" href="/language/Deutsch" rel="nofollow">Deutsch</a>
            </li>
          </ul>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div id="edition" class="flyout">
  <span class="flyout-caption cur">Academic edition</span>
  <div class="flyout-content">
    <ul>
      <li>
        <a class="edition-select" href="/siteEdition/rd" rel="nofollow">Corporate edition</a>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </div>
</div>

    </div>
  </div>
</div>

    <div id="content">
      <input id="autoShowLookInside" type="hidden" value="false"/>
      
      <div id="chapter" class="document no-access" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle">
        <div class="bar-dock">
          <div class="bar-wrapper">
            <div class="bar-actions">
              <span class="action icon-view">
                <a class="lookinside-href webtrekk-track pdf-link" href="/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-02391-0_26/lookinside/000.png" pageType="rd_springer_com.book.chapter_preview" doi="10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_26" parentContentType="Book" contentType="Chapter" publication="10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0 | Genetic Modification of Plants" viewType="Preview">Look Inside</a>
              </span>
              <span class="action icon-unlock">
                <a class="access-link webtrekk-track" href="/accesspage/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_26?coverImageUrl=%2Fstatic%2F0.6536%2Fsites%2Flink%2Fimages%2Fabstract_cover_placeholder.png" pageType="rd_springer_com.book.chapter_denial" doi="10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_26" parentContentType="Book" contentType="Chapter" publication="10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0 | Genetic Modification of Plants" viewType="Denial">Get Access</a>
              </span>
            </div>
            <div class="unlock-wrapper">
              <div class="bar-access-restr">
                <strong class="message">Find out how to access preview-only content</strong>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="document-main layout-3">
          <div class="col-main has-full-enumeration" role="main">
            <div id="enumeration">
      <div id="publication-title">
        <a href="/book/10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0">Genetic Modification of Plants</a>
      </div>
      <a id="series-title" href="/bookseries/798">Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry</a>
      <span id="book-volume">Volume 64, </span>
      <span id="copyright-year">2010, </span>
      <span id="page-range">
        pp 553-574
      </span>
      
    </div>

            <h1 id="title" itemprop="headline">Regulatory Oversight and Safety Assessment of Plants with Novel Traits</h1>
            <div class="author-list">
    <ul class="authors">
        <li class="author" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a href="/search?facet-author=%22Yann+Devos%22" itemprop="name">Yann Devos</a>,
        </li>
        <li class="author" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a href="/search?facet-author=%22Karine+Lheureux%22" itemprop="name">Karine Lheureux</a>,
        </li>
        <li class="author" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a href="/search?facet-author=%22Joachim+Schiemann%22" itemprop="name">Joachim Schiemann</a>    </li>
        <li class="show-all-hide-authors">
          <span class="more-authors">&hellip;</span>
          <span class="show-all-authors">show all 3</span>
          <span class="hide-authors">hide</span>
        </li>
      </ul></div>

            <div id="abstract-actions">
              <div class="box-primary content-pricing leaf-pricing">
                <div class="leaf-pricing-content">
                  <h3>Purchase on Springer.com</h3>
                  <p id="pricingInfo" class="content-prices">
                    $29.95 / €24.95 / £19.95 *
                  </p>
                  <p class="price-disclaimer">* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.</p>
                </div>
                <form id="getaccess-webshop" action="http://www.springer.com/?SGWID=0-1740713-3130-0-0&amp;cm_mmc=SpringerLink-_-DenialLayer-_-EPM653-_-Chapter" method="post">
                  <input type="hidden" name="macwithoutreturnurl" value="18433279c22b8733c775a0b4a2f028c1"/>
                  <input type="hidden" name="mac" value="fa7a08aefa40a857571ca0afb2b43fc3"/>
                  <input type="hidden" name="returnurl" value="http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_26"/>
                  <input type="hidden" name="contenttitle" value="Regulatory Oversight and Safety Assessment of Plants with Novel Traits"/>
                  <input type="hidden" name="pages" value="553-574"/>
                  <input type="hidden" name="copyrightyear" value="2010"/>
                  <input type="hidden" name="year" value="2010"/>
                  <input type="hidden" name="seriestitle" value="Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry"/>
                  <input type="hidden" name="authors" value="Yann Devos, Karine Lheureux, Joachim Schiemann"/>
                  <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Genetic Modification of Plants"/>
                  <input type="hidden" name="type" value="chapter"/>
                  <input type="hidden" name="doi" value="10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_26"/>
                  <input type="hidden" name="volume" value="64"/>
                  <input type="hidden" name="isxn" value="978-3-642-02391-0"/>
                  <input id="leaf-pricing-buy-now" class="btn btn-primary btn-action btn-monster" value="Buy now" type="submit"/>
                </form>
              </div>
              <span class="action icon-unlock">
                <a id="request-access-link" class="webtrekk-track" href="/accesspage/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_26?coverImageUrl=%2Fstatic%2F0.6536%2Fsites%2Flink%2Fimages%2Fabstract_cover_placeholder.png" pageType="rd_springer_com.book.chapter_denial" doi="10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_26" contentType="Chapter" parentContentType="Book" viewType="Denial" publication="10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0 | Genetic Modification of Plants">Get Access</a>
              </span>
            </div>
            <h2 class="abstract-heading">Abstract</h2>
            <div class="abstract-content formatted" itemprop="description">
              
                            
                            <p class="a-plus-plus">
                              <em class="a-plus-plus">Further progress in plant breeding will be achieved by the combination of plant breeding based on experimental field work and novel techniques based on biotechnology. Because both approaches complement one another, their association might offer promising possibilities for agriculture, nutrition, industry, and even for medicine. These developments in plant breeding have had and will continue to have implications for the regulatory oversight and safety assessment of plants with novel traits. Though the introduction of new traits, including the stacking of several genes, may result in extensive changes of metabolic pathways, composition, toxicity, nutritional value, environmental impact, etc., a rigorous risk assessment is only required for genetically modified (GM) plants in the European Union. Whether this approach is science-based or not is discussed by the scientific community. In this chapter, implications for the regulatory oversight and risk assessment are addressed in more detail for GM plants.</em>
                            </p>
                          
            </div>
            
          </div>
          <div class="col-aside" role="complementary">
            <div class="cover">
      <div class="look-inside cover-image-animate">
        <div id="reader-overlay">
      <div id="reader-page-template">
        <div id="page-%P">
          <div class="page-number">
            Page
            %P
          </div>
          <div class="pdf-page" id="page-img-container-%ID">
            <img id="pdf-page-image-%ID" class="pdf-image" src="/static/0.6536/images/pdf-preview/spacer.gif" alt="Loading..." width="%W" style="width:%Wpx;" data-loaded="false"/>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="reader-position">
        <div id="reader">
          <div id="reader-buttons">
            <a href="#" id="pdf-close" class="btn btn-close right">
              Close
            </a>
            <a href="#" id="toggletext" class="btn" title="Toggle plain text">
              Plain text
            </a>
          </div>
          <div id="viewer" class="show-pdf">
            <div id="scroller"></div>
          </div>
          <div class="top-shadow"></div>
          <div class="bottom-shadow"></div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

        <a class="webtrekk-track lookinside-href" href="/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-02391-0_26/lookinside/000.png" pageType="rd_springer_com.book.chapter_preview" parentContentType="Book" contentType="Chapter" doi="10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_26" viewType="Preview" publication="10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0 | Genetic Modification of Plants">
          <img class="look-inside-cover" src="/static/0.6536/sites/link/images/abstract_cover_placeholder.png" alt="Genetic Modification of Plants" width="153" itemprop="image"/>
    <img class="look-inside-page" src="/static-content/lookinside/254/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-3-642-02391-0_26/000.png" alt="Genetic Modification of Plants" width="153" itemprop="image"/>

          <span class="look-inside-badge">
            Look
            <br/>
            Inside
          </span>
        </a>
      </div>
    </div>

            <div class="partner-logos">
      <ul>
      </ul>
    </div>

            
            <div class="other-actions share">
      <h2>Share</h2>
      <a id="facebook" href="javascript:void(0)" title="Share this content on Facebook">Share this content on Facebook</a>
      <a id="twitter" href="javascript:void(0)" title="Share this content on Twitter">Share this content on Twitter</a>
      <a id="linkedin" href="javascript:void(0)" title="Share this content on LinkedIn">Share this content on LinkedIn</a>
    </div>

            <div class="section-links">
      <h2>
        Within this Chapter
      </h2>
      <ol>
        <li>
          Introduction – From Foragers to Genetic Modification in a Genomic Era
        </li>
        <li>
          Regulatory Oversight of GM Plants and Their Derived Food and Feed Products
        </li>
        <li>
          Risk Assessment Principles
        </li>
        <li>
          EFSA GMO Panel Guidance and Further Prospectives
        </li>
        <li>
          Discussion and Conclusions
        </li>
        <li>
          References
        </li>
        <li>
          References
        </li>
      </ol>
    </div>

            <div class="other-actions">
              <h2>Other actions</h2>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <a id="export-citation" href="/export-citation/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_26">
          Export citations
        </a>
      </li>
      <li>
        <a id="about-link" class="external" href="http://www.springer.com/978-3-642-02390-3">About this Book</a>
      </li>
    </ul>

            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="document-aside" role="complementary">
          <div id="abstract-related" class="hidden expander">
      <div class="expander-title">
        <div class="heading">
          <h2>Related Content</h2>
          <img class="hidden" src="/static/0.6536/sites/link/images/loading_expander.gif"/>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="expander-content">
        <div class="expander-content-inner">
          <ol id="related-list"></ol>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

          <div id="abstract-esm" class="expander expander-empty">
      <div class="expander-title">
        <div class="heading">
          <h2>Supplementary Material (0)</h2>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

          <div id="abstract-references" class="expander">
      <div class="expander-title">
        <div class="heading">
          <h2>References (70)</h2>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="expander-content">
        <div class="expander-content-inner">
          <div class="formatted">
            <ol>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">ACRE (2007) Managing the footprint of agriculture: towards a comparative assessment of risks and benefits for novel agricultural systems. DEFRA, London. Available at <a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/acre/fsewiderissues/pdf/acre-wi-final.pdf" class="a-plus-plus">http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/acre/fsewiderissues/pdf/acre-wi-final.pdf</a>
                                </span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Akhond MAY, Machray GC (2009) Biotech crops: technologies, achievements and prospects. Euphytica 166:47–59</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-008-9823-1">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Andow DA, Hilbeck A (2004) Science-based risk assessment for non-target effects of transgenic crops. Bioscience 54:637–649</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0637:SRAFNE]2.0.CO;2">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Andow DA, Zwahlen C (2006) Assessing environmental risks of transgenic plants. Ecol Lett 9:196–214</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00846.x">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Andow DA, Lövei GL, Arpaia S (2006) Ecological risk assessment for Bt crops. Nat Biotechnol 24:749–751</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0706-749">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Bartsch D, Gathmann A, Saeglitz C, Sinha A (2008) Field testing of transgenic plants. In: Stewart CN Jr (ed) Plant biotechnology and genetic principles, techniques, and applications. Wiley, London, pp 311–323</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470282014.ch13">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Batista R, Saibo N, Lourenço T, Oliveira MM (2008) Microarray analyses reveal that plant mutagenesis may induce more transcriptomic changes than transgene insertion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:3640–3645</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707881105">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Beckie HJ, Harker KN, Hall SI, Légère A, Sikkema PH, Clayton GW, Thomas AG, Leeson JY, Ségiun-Swartz G, Simard MJ (2006) A decade of herbicide-resistant crops in Canada. Can J Plant Sci 86:1243–1264</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/P05-193">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Bradford, KJ, Van Deynze A, Gutterson N, Parrott W, Strauss SH (2005) Regulating transgenic crops sensibly: lessons from plant breeding, biotechnology and genomics. Nat Biotechnol 23:439–444</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1084">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Chapotin SM, Wolt JD (2007) Genetically modified crops for the bioeconomy: meeting public and regulatory expectations. Transgenic Res 16:675–688</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11248-007-9122-y">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Chassy B, Carter C, McGloughlin M, McHughen A, Parrott W, Preston C, Roush R, Shelton A, Strauss SH (2003) UK field-scale evaluations answer wrong questions. Nat Biotechnol 21:1429–143</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1203-1429">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Codex Alimentarius (2003) Codex principles and guidelines on foods derived from biotechnology. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome</span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">COGEM (2006) New techniques in plant biotechnology. COGEM Report CGM/061024-02. Available at <a href="http://www.cogem.net/ContentFiles/CGM061024-02%20new%20techniques%20in%20plantbiotechnology.pdf" class="a-plus-plus">http://www.cogem.net/ContentFiles/CGM061024-02%20new%20techniques%20in%20plantbiotechnology.pdf</a>
                                </span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">COGEM (2008) Signalerende brief ‘cisgenese en voedselveiligheid'. Signalering CGM/081028-04. Available at <a href="http://www.cogem.net/ContentFiles/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20081028-4,%20brief%20bijeenkomst%20risico" class="a-plus-plus">http://www.cogem.net/ContentFiles/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20081028-4,%20brief%20bijeenkomst%20risico</a>'s%20tDNA%20borders%2028%20okt.pdf</span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Colbert T, Till BJ, Tompa R, Reynolds S, Steine MN, Yeung AT, McCallum CM, Comai L, Henikoff S (2001) High-throughput screening for induced point mutations. Plant Physiol 126:480–484</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.126.2.480">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Conner AJ, Glare TR, Nap J-P (2003) The release of genetically modified crops into the environment. Part II: overview of ecological risk assessment. Plant J 33:19–46</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0960-7412.2002.001607.x">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Craig W, Tepfer M, Degrassi G, Ripandelli D (2008) An overview of general features of risk assessment of genetically modified crops. Euphytica 164:853–880</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-007-9643-8">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">De Schrijver A, Devos Y, Van den Bulcke M, Cadot P, De Loose M, Reheul D, Sneyers M (2007) Risk assessment of GM stacked events obtained from crosses between GM events. Trends Food Sci Technol 18:101–109</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2006.09.002">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Demeke T, Perry DJ, Scowcroft WR (2006) Adventitious presence of GMOs: scientific overview for Canadian grains. Can J Plant Sci 86:1–23</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/P05-114">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Duke SO (2005) Taking stock of herbicide-resistant crops ten years after introduction. Pest Manage Sci 61:211–218</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.1024">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Dutton A, Romeis J, Bigler F (2003) Assessing the risks of insect resistant transgenic plants on entomophagous arthropods: Bt-maize expressing Cry1Ab as a case study. BioControl 48:611–636</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026313719424">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">EC (2001) Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC. Off J EC L106:1–39</span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">EFSA (2006a) Guidance document of the scientific panel on genetically modified organisms for the risk assessment of genetically modified plants and derived food and feed. EFSA J 99:1–100</span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">EFSA (2006b) Guidance document of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms for the risk assessment of genetically modified microorganisms and their derived products intended for food and feed use. EFSA J 374:1–115</span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">EFSA (2007) Guidance document of the scientific panel on genetically modified organisms for the risk assessment of genetically modified plants containing stacked transformation events. EFSA J 512:1–5</span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">EFSA (2008) Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants – challenges and approaches. EFSA scientific colloquium series 8, June 2007. European Food Safety Authority, Brussels. Available at <a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/cs/BlobServer/Event_Meeting/sci_coll_8_summary_report.pdf" class="a-plus-plus">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/cs/BlobServer/Event_Meeting/sci_coll_8_summary_report.pdf</a>
                                </span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">EPA (1998) Guidelines for ecological risk assessment. EPA/630/R095/002F, US EPA risk assessment forum. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. Available at <a href="http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/raf/recordisplay.cfm?deid=12460" class="a-plus-plus">http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/raf/recordisplay.cfm?deid=12460</a>
                                </span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">FAO/WHO (2000) Safety aspects of genetically modified foods of plant origin. A joint FAO/WHO consultation on foods derived from biotechnology, Geneva, Switzerland, 29 May – 2 June 2000. World Health Organization, Geneva</span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Garcia-Alonso M, Jacobs E, Raybould A, Nickson TE, Sowig P, Willekens H, Van der Kouwe P, Layton R, Amijee F, Fuentes AM, Tencalla F (2006) A tiered system for assessing the risk of genetically modified plants to non-target organisms. Environ Biosaf Res 5:57–65</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2006018">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Gathmann A, Wirooks L, Hothhorn LA, Bartsch D, Schuphan I (2006) Impact of Bt-maize pollen (MON810) on lepidopteran larvae living on accompanying weeds. Mol Ecol 15:2677–2685</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02962.x">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Halpin C (2005) Gene stacking in transgenic plants - the challenge for 21st century plant biotechnology. Plant Biotechnol J 3:141–155</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2004.00113.x">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Hill RA (2005) Conceptualizing risk assessment methodology for genetically modified organisms. Environ Biosaf Res 4:67–70</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2005012">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Hill RA, Sendashonga C (2003) General principles for risk assessment of living modified organisms: lessons from chemical risk assessment. Environ Biosaf Res 2:81–88</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2003004">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Jacobsen E, Schouten HJ (2007) Cisgenesis strongly improves introgression breeding and induced translocation breeding of plants. Trends Biotechnol 25:219–223</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.03.008">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Johnson KL, Raybould AF, Hudson MD, Poppy GM (2007) How does scientific risk assessment of GM crops fit within the wider risk analysis? Trends Plant Sci 12:1–5</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2006.11.004">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Kok EJ, Keijer J, Kleter GA, Kuiper HA (2008) Comparative safety assessment of plant-derived foods. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 50:98–113</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.09.007">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Lövei GL, Arpaia S (2005) The impact of transgenic plants on natural enemies: a critical review of laboratory studies. Entomol Exp Appl 114:1–14</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-8703.2005.00235.x">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Macdonald P, Yarrow S (2003) Regulation of Bt crops in Canada. J Invert Pathol 83:93–99</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2011(03)00059-4">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Marvier M (2002) Improving risk assessment for nontarget safety of transgenic crops. Ecol Appl 12:1119–1124</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1119:IRAFNS]2.0.CO;2">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">McCallum CM, Comai L, Greene EA, Henikoff S (2000a) Targeted induced local lessions in genomes (TILLING) for plant functional genomics. Plant Physiol 123:439–442</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.123.2.439">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">McCallum CM, Comai L, Greene EA, Henikoff S (2000b) Targeted screening for induced mutations. Nat Biotechnol 18:455–457</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/74542">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">McCammon SL (2006) The organization for economic cooperation and development: challenges for risk assessment. Environ Biosaf Res 5:239–243</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2007016">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">McHughen A (2007) Fatal flaws in agbiotech regulatory policies. Nat Biotechnol 25:725–727</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0707-725">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">McHughen A, Smyth S (2008) US regulatory system for genetically modified [genetically modified organisms (GMO), rDNA or transgenic] crop cultivars. Plant Biotechnol J 6:2–12</span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Moose SP, Mumm RH (2008) Molecular plant breeding as the foundation for 21st century crop improvement. Plant Physiol 147:969–977</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.118232">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Morris SH (2007) EU biotech crop regulations and environmental risk: a case of the emperor's new clothes? Trends Biotechnol 25:2–6</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.11.004">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Morris SH, Spillane C (2008) GM directive deficiencies in the European Union. EMBO Rep 9:500–504</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/embor.2008.94">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Myskja BK (2006) The moral difference between intragenic and transgenic modification of plants. J Agric Environ Ethics 19:225–238</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10806-005-6164-0">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Nickson TE (2008) Planning environmental risk assessment for genetically modified crops: problem formulation for stress-tolerant crops. Plant Physiol 147:494–502</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.118422">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">OECD (1993) Safety evaluation of foods derived by modern biotechnology, concepts and principles. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris</span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Paoletti C, Flamm E, Yan W, Meek S, Renckens S, Fellous M, Kuiper H (2008) GMO risk assessment around the world: some examples. Trends Food Sci Technol 19:S66–S74</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2008.07.007">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Qi A, Perry JN, Pidgeon JD, Haylock LA, Brooks DR (2008) Cost-efficacy in measuring farmland biodiversity – lessons from the farm scale evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Ann Appl Biol 152:93–101</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2007.00193.x">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Raybould A (2006) Problem formulation and hypothesis testing for environmental risk assessments of genetically modified crops. Environ Biosaf Res 5:119–125</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2007004">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Raybould A (2007) Ecological versus ecotoxicological methods for assessing the environmental risks of transgenic crops. Plant Sci 173:589–602</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2007.09.003">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Romeis J, Bartsch D, Bigler F, Candolfi MP, Gielkens MMC, Hartley SE, Hellmich RL, Huesing JE, Jepson PC, Layton R, Quemada H, Raybould A, Rose RI, Schiemann J, Sears MK, Shelton AM, Sweet J, Vaituzis Z, Wolt JD (2008) Assessment of risk of insect-resistant transgenic crops to nontarget arthropods. Nat Biotechnol 26:203–208</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1381">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Rommens CM, Haring MA, Swords K, Davies HV, Belknap WR (2007) The intragenic approach as a new extension to traditional plant breeding. Trends Plant Sci 12:397–403</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2007.08.001">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Russel W, Sparrow R (2008) The case for regulating intragenic GMOs. J Agric Environ Ethics 21:153–181</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10806-007-9074-5">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Sanvido O, Widmer F, Winzeler M, Bigler F (2005) A conceptual framework for the design of environmental post-market monitoring of genetically modified plants. Environ Biosaf Res 4:13–27</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2005008">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Sanvido O, Romeis J, Bigler F (2007) Ecological impacts of genetically modified crops: ten years of field research and commercial cultivation. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 107:235–278</span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Sanvido O, Romeis J, Bigler F (2008) An approach for post-market monitoring of potential environmental effects of Bt-maize expressing Cry1Ab on natural enemies. J Appl Entomol. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2008.01367.x</span>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Schmidt K, Wilhelm R, Schmidtke J, Beissner L, Mönkemeyer W, Böttinger P, Sweet J, Schiemann J (2008) Farm questionnaires for monitoring genetically modified crops: a case study using GM maize. Environ Biosaf Res 7:163–179</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2008015">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Schouten HJ, Krens FA, Jacobsen E (2006a) Do cisgenic plants warrant less stringent oversight? Nat Biotechnol 24:753</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0706-753">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Schouten HJ, Krens FA, Jacobsen E (2006b) Cisgenic plants are similar to traditionally bred plants. EMBO Rep 7:750–753</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400769">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Smyth S, McHughen A (2008) Regulating innovative crops technologies in Canada: the case of regulation genetically modified crops. Plant Biotechnol J 6:213–225</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00309.x">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Storkey J, Bohan DA, Haughton AJ, Champion GT, Perry JN, Poppy GM, Woiwod IP (2008) Providing the evidence base for environmental risk assessments of novel farm management practices. Environ Sci Policy 11:579–587</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.06.001">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Suter GW (2000) Generic assessment endpoints are needed for ecological risk assessment. Risk Anal 20:173–178</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.202018">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Tan SY, Evans RR, Dahmer ML, Singh BK, Shaner DL (2005) Imidazolinone-tolerant crops: history, current status and future. Pest Manage Sci 61:246–257</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.993">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Todd JH, Ramankutty P, Barraclough EI, Malone LA (2008) A screening method for prioritizing non-target invertebrates for improved biosafety testing of transgenic crops. Environ Biosaf Res 7:35–56</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2008003">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Wilkinson MJ, Sweet J, Poppy GM (2003) Risk assessment of GM plants: avoiding gridlock? Trends Plant Sci 8:208–212</span>
                <a class="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(03)00057-8">CrossRef</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <span class="authors">Wolt JD, Keese P, Raybould A, Fitzpatrick JW, Burachik M, Gray A, Olin SS, Schiemann J, Sears M, Wu F (2009) Problem formulation in the environmental risk assessment for genetically modified plants. Transgenic Res doi:10.1007/s.11248-009-9321-9</span>
              </li>
            </ol>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

          <div id="abstract-about" class="expander expander-open">
      <div class="expander-title">
        <div class="heading">
          <h2>About this Chapter</h2>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="expander-content">
        <div class="expander-content-inner">
          <div class="summary">
            <dl>
              <dt>Title</dt>
              <dd id="abstract-about-title">Regulatory Oversight and Safety Assessment of Plants with Novel Traits</dd>
              
              <dt>Book Title</dt>
              <dd id="abstract-about-publication">
                <a href="/book/10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0">Genetic Modification of Plants</a>
              </dd>
              <dt id="dt-abstract-about-book-subtitle">Book Subtitle</dt>
    <dd id="abstract-about-book-subtitle">Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry</dd>

              <dt id="dt-abstract-about-book-chapter-part-number">Book Part</dt>
    <dd id="abstract-about-book-chapter-part-number">Part D</dd>

              <dt id="dt-abstract-about-book-chapter-page-ranges">Pages</dt>
    <dd id="abstract-about-book-chapter-page-ranges">pp 553-574</dd>

              <dt id="dt-abstract-about-book-chapter-copyright-year">Copyright</dt>
    <dd id="abstract-about-book-chapter-copyright-year">2010</dd>

              <dt>DOI</dt>
              <dd id="abstract-about-book-chapter-doi" class="doi">10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_26</dd>
              <dt id="dt-abstract-about-book-print-isbn">Print ISBN</dt>
    <dd id="abstract-about-book-print-isbn">978-3-642-02390-3</dd>

              <dt id="dt-abstract-about-book-online-isbn">Online ISBN</dt>
    <dd id="abstract-about-book-online-isbn">978-3-642-02391-0</dd>

              <dt id="dt-abstract-about-book-series-title">Series Title</dt>
    <dd id="abstract-about-book-series-title">
      <a href="/bookseries/798">Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry</a>
    </dd>

              <dt id="dt-abstract-about-book-series-volume">Series Volume</dt>
    <dd id="abstract-about-book-series-volume">64</dd>

              
              <dt id="dt-abstract-about-book-series-print-issn">Series ISSN</dt>
    <dd id="abstract-about-book-series-print-issn">0934-943X</dd>

              <dt id="dt-abstract-about-publisher">Publisher</dt>
    <dd id="abstract-about-publisher">Springer Berlin Heidelberg</dd>

              <dt id="dt-abstract-about-book-copyright-holder">Copyright Holder</dt>
    <dd id="abstract-about-book-copyright-holder">Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg</dd>

              <dt>Additional Links</dt>
              <dd id="abstract-about-additional-links">
                <ul>
                  <li>
                    <a class="external" href="http://www.springer.com/978-3-642-02390-3">About this Book</a>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </dd>
            </dl>
            <dl>
      <dt>Topics</dt>
    <dd itemprop="genre">
      <ul class="abstract-about-subject">
        <li>
          <a href="/search?facet-subject=%22Plant+Breeding%2FBiotechnology%22">Plant Breeding/Biotechnology</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="/search?facet-subject=%22Plant+Genetics+%26+Genomics%22">Plant Genetics &amp; Genomics</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="/search?facet-subject=%22Genetic+Engineering%22">Genetic Engineering</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="/search?facet-subject=%22Agriculture%22">Agriculture</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="/search?facet-subject=%22Forestry%22">Forestry</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="/search?facet-subject=%22Agricultural+Economics%22">Agricultural Economics</a>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </dd>

      
      
      <dt>eBook Packages</dt>
    <dd itemprop="genre">
      <ul class="abstract-about-ebook-packages">
        <li>
          <a href="/search?package=90011652">eBook Package english full Collection</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="/search?package=11642">eBook Package english Biomedicine &amp; Life Sciences</a>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </dd>

    </dl>
    <dl>
      <dt>Editors</dt>
    <dd>
      <ul class="editors">
        <li itemprop="editor" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
          <a class="person" href="/search?facet-author=%22Frank+Kempken%22" itemprop="name">Frank Kempken</a>
          <a class="envelope" href="mailto:fkempken@bot.uni-kiel.de" title="fkempken@bot.uni-kiel.de"><img src="/static/0.6536/images/envelope.png" alt="fkempken@bot.uni-kiel.de"/></a>
          <sup title="Botanisches Institut, Universität Kiel">(ID1)</sup>
        </li>
        <li itemprop="editor" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
          <a class="person" href="/search?facet-author=%22Christian+Jung%22" itemprop="name">Christian Jung</a>
          <a class="envelope" href="mailto:c.jung@plantbreeding.uni-kiel.de" title="c.jung@plantbreeding.uni-kiel.de"><img src="/static/0.6536/images/envelope.png" alt="c.jung@plantbreeding.uni-kiel.de"/></a>
          <sup title="Inst. Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzüchtung, Universität Kiel">(ID2)</sup>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </dd>
    <dt>Editor Affiliations</dt>
    <dd>
      <ul class="editor-affiliations">
        <li>
          <span class="position">ID1.</span>
          <span class="affiliation">
            Botanisches Institut, Universität Kiel
          </span>
        </li>
        <li>
          <span class="position">ID2.</span>
          <span class="affiliation">
            Inst. Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzüchtung, Universität Kiel
          </span>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </dd>

      <dt>Authors</dt>
    <dd>
      <ul class="authors">
        <li itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
          <a class="person" href="/search?facet-author=%22Yann+Devos%22" itemprop="name">Yann Devos</a>
          <sup title="European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), GMO Unit">(2)</sup>
        </li>
        <li itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
          <a class="person" href="/search?facet-author=%22Karine+Lheureux%22" itemprop="name">Karine Lheureux</a>
          <sup title="European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), GMO Unit">(2)</sup>
        </li>
        <li itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
          <a class="person" href="/search?facet-author=%22Joachim+Schiemann%22" itemprop="name">Joachim Schiemann</a>
          <a class="envelope" href="mailto:joachim.schiemann@jki.bund.de" title="joachim.schiemann@jki.bund.de"><img src="/static/0.6536/images/envelope.png" alt="joachim.schiemann@jki.bund.de"/></a>
          <sup title="Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants">(1)</sup>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </dd>
    <dt>Author Affiliations</dt>
    <dd>
      <ul class="author-affiliations">
        <li>
          <span class="position">2.</span>
          <span class="affiliation">
            European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), GMO Unit, Parma, Italy
            
          </span>
        </li>
        <li>
          <span class="position">1.</span>
          <span class="affiliation">
            Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Strasse 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
            
          </span>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </dd>

    </dl>

          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

        </div>
      </div>
      <div id="look-inside-interrupt" class="look-inside-interrupt">
      <h3>Continue reading...</h3>
      <div class="col-1">
        <p>To view the rest of this content please follow the download PDF link above.</p>
      </div>
    </div>

    </div>
    <div id="web-trekk-abstract" doi="10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_26" parentContentType="Book" contentType="Chapter" viewType="Abstract" publication="10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0 | Genetic Modification of Plants"></div>


    <div id="footer">
  <hr/>
  <div id="footer-verticals" class="section" role="navigation">
    <span class="strapline">
      <strong>7,918,847</strong>
      scientific documents at your fingertips
    </span>
    <div class="flyout">
      <h2 class="pillow-btn open-disciplines">
        Browse by Discipline
        <span class="caret"></span>
      </h2>
      <ol class="disciplines">
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Architecture+%26+Design&quot;">Architecture &amp; Design</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Astronomy&quot;">Astronomy</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Biomedical+Sciences&quot;">Biomedical Sciences</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Business+%26+Management&quot;">Business &amp; Management</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Chemistry&quot;">Chemistry</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Computer+Science&quot;">Computer Science</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Earth+Sciences+%26+Geography&quot;">Earth Sciences &amp; Geography</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Economics&quot;">Economics</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Education+%26+Language&quot;">Education &amp; Language</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Energy&quot;">Energy</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Engineering&quot;">Engineering</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Environmental+Sciences&quot;">Environmental Sciences</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Food+Science+%26+Nutrition&quot;">Food Science &amp; Nutrition</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Law&quot;">Law</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Life+Sciences&quot;">Life Sciences</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Materials&quot;">Materials</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Mathematics&quot;">Mathematics</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Medicine&quot;">Medicine</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Philosophy&quot;">Philosophy</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Physics&quot;">Physics</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Psychology&quot;">Psychology</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Public+Health&quot;">Public Health</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Social+Sciences&quot;">Social Sciences</a>
  </li>
  <li>
    <a href="/search?facet-discipline=&quot;Statistics&quot;">Statistics</a>
  </li>
</ol>

    </div>
  </div>
  <div id="footer-nav" class="section">
    <div id="footer-nav-misc">
      <div id="footer-our-content" class="block" role="navigation">
        <h2>Our Content</h2>
        <ul>
          <li>
            <a href="/search?facet-content-type=%22Journal%22">Journals</a>
          </li>
          <li>
            <a href="/search?facet-content-type=%22Book%22">Books</a>
          </li>
          <li>
            <a href="/search?facet-content-type=%22BookSeries%22">Book Series</a>
          </li>
          <li>
            <a href="/search?facet-content-type=%22Protocol%22">Protocols</a>
          </li>
          <li>
            <a href="/search?facet-content-type=%22ReferenceWork%22">Reference Works</a>
          </li>
        </ul>
      </div>
      <div id="footer-other-sites" class="block" role="navigation">
        <h2>Other Sites</h2>
        <ul>
          <li>
            <a href="http://www.springer.com/">Springer.com</a>
          </li>
          <li>
            <a href="http://www.springerimages.com/">SpringerImages</a>
          </li>
          <li>
            <a href="http://www.springerprotocols.com/">SpringerProtocols</a>
          </li>
          <li>
            <a href="http://www.springermaterials.com/">SpringerMaterials</a>
          </li>
          <li>
            <a href="http://www.springerreference.com/">SpringerReference</a>
          </li>
        </ul>
      </div>
      <div class="block" role="navigation">
        <h2>Help &amp; Contacts</h2>
        <ul>
          <li>
            <a class="contact-us-link" href="/contactus">Contact Us</a>
          </li>
          <li>
            <a class="feedback-community-link" href="http://feedback.rd.springer.com/springer_rd">Feedback Community</a>
          </li>
          <li>
            <a class="impressum-link" href="/impressum">Impressum</a>
          </li>
        </ul>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div id="footer-legal" class="section" role="contentinfo">
    <div id="mobile-nav">
      <span class="pillow-btn open-legal" title="Show Legal Information">Legal</span>
    </div>
    <div id="legal" role="contentinfo">
      <span id="footer-copyright">&copy; Springer, Part of Springer Science+Business Media</span>
      <a id="footer-privacy" href="/termsandconditions">Privacy Policy, Disclaimer, General Terms &amp; Conditions</a>
      <div id="diagnostic-info">
  <span id="diagnostic-login-status">Not logged in</span>
  <span class="diagnostic-business-partners">Orbis Cascade Alliance (3000165890)</span>
  <span class="diagnostic-business-partners">PORTLAND STATE UNIV (8200420897)</span>
  <span id="diagnostic-ip">131.252.130.248</span>
</div>

      
    </div>
  </div>
  <div id="footer-branding" class="section">
    <div class="block">
      <span id="branding-logo">Springer for Research &amp; Development</span>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div id="google-analytics-account" style="display: none">UA-26408784-1</div>
</div>

<span class="keyboard-on"></span>

    <div id="doubleclick-ad" class="banner-advert">
  <script type="text/javascript">if ( window.outerWidth || document.body.clientWidth > 1100 ) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('doubleclick-ad'); }); };</script>
</div>

  </div>
  <noscript>
  <div id="jsnotice" class="prompt-bar">
    <p>
      JavaScript is currently disabled<span>, this site works much better if you enable JavaScript in your browser.</span>
    </p>
  </div>
</noscript>
<div id="redirect-prompt" class="prompt-bar hidden">
  <div class="prompt-wrapper">
    <p>You have been redirected to our new and improved site.</p>
    <div class="prompt-actions">
      <a class="more-info" href="#">More info</a>
      <button id="i-am-good" type="submit" value="Im good, don't tell me again">I’m good, don’t tell me again</button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <span id="cookie-domain" class="hidden">.springer.com</span>
</div>

<script src="/static/js/webtrekk/webtrekk_v3.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
  var webtrekkProperties = {
  trackDomain : "springergmbh01.webtrekk.net",
  trackId : "935649882378213",
  pageType : "rd_springer_com.book.chapter_abstract"
  ,userDetails :{ 1: "3000165890;8200420897", 2: "Orbis Cascade Alliance;PORTLAND STATE UNIV" }
  };
</script>
<noscript>
  <div id="webtrekk">
    <img src="http://springergmbh01.webtrekk.net/935649882378213/wt?p=315,rd_springer_com.book.chapter_abstract" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>
  </div>
</noscript>

<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.6.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.8.16/jquery-ui.min.js"></script>
<script src="/static/0.6536/js/all.js"></script>
<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
  MathJax.Hub.Config({
    /* load MathML extension */
    extensions: ["mml2jax.js"],

    /* configure input and output */
    jax: ["input/TeX", "input/MathML", "output/HTML-CSS"],

    /* align display equations to the left */
    displayAlign: "left",

    /* set zoom trigger */
    menuSettings: {
      zoom: "Click"
    },

    /* configuration of the tex2jax preprocessor:
       - set delimiters for inline and display equations
       - preview while equations are processed is "TeX"
       - allow \$ to represent a literal dollar sign
     */
    tex2jax: {
      inlineMath: [ ['$','$'], ["\\(","\\)"] ],
      displayMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ["\\[","\\]"] ],
      preview: ["TeX"],
      processEscapes: true
    },

    /* configuration of the mml2jax preprocessor:
       - preview while equations are processed is "MathML"
     */
    mml2jax: {
      preview: ["MathML"]
    },

    /* configuration of the HTML-CSS output processor:
       - available fonts are STIX and TeX
       - preferred font is STIX
       - use TeX as web-based font if none of the above is available on the user's computer
       - use TeX font for image fallback mode
    */
    "HTML-CSS": {
      availableFonts: ["STIX","TeX"],
      preferredFont: ["STIX"],
      webFont: ["TeX"],
      imageFont: ["TeX"],
      styles: {
        '.MathJax_Display': {
          "margin": 0
        }
      }
    },

    /* configuration of the math menu:
       - allow the user to select what font to use
    */
    MathMenu: {
      showFontMenu: true
    }
  });

</script>
<script src="http://rd.springer.com/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS_HTML-full.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript">
  var _gaq = _gaq || [];
  _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-26408784-1']);
  _gaq.push (['_gat._anonymizeIp']);
  _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
  (function() {
  var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true;
  ga.src = ('https:' === document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
  var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);
  })();
</script>


<div id="gimme-satisfaction"></div>
<script type="text/javascript">var _kiq = _kiq || [];</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/ki.js/47412/9CC.js" async="true"></script>

</body>
</html>