@article{chiou_continuous_2008, title = {Continuous optoelectrowetting for picoliter droplet manipulation}, volume = {93}, url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?APL/93/221110/1}, doi = {10.1063/1.3039070}, number = {22}, journal = {Applied Physics Letters}, author = {P. Y. Chiou and {Sung-Yong} Park and Ming C. Wu}, month = dec, year = {2008}, keywords = {amorphous semiconductors,dielectric thin films,electrodes,elemental semiconductors,optical modulation,photoconductivity,silicon}, pages = {221110--3} }, @article{wu_exploitation_????, title = {Exploitation of a microfluidic device capable of generating size-tunable droplets for gene delivery}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10404-008-0359-4}, doi = {10.1007/s10404-008-0359-4}, abstract = {Abstract This study presents a new microfluidic chip that generates micro-scale emulsion droplets for gene delivery applications. Compared with conventional methods of droplet formation, the proposed chip can create uniform droplets (size variation {\textless}7.1\%) and hence enhance the efficiency of the subsequent gene delivery. A new microfluidic chip was developed in this study, which used a new design with a pneumatic membrane chamber integrated into a T-junction microchannel. Traditionally, the size of droplets was controlled by the flow rate ratio of the continuous and disperse phase flows, which can be controlled by syringe pumps. In this study, a pneumatic chamber near the intersection of the T-junction channel was designed to locally change the flow velocity and the shear force. When the upper air chamber was filled with compressed air, the membrane was deflected and then the droplet size could be fine-tuned accordingly. Experimental data showed that using the new design, the higher the air pressure applied to the active tunable membrane, the smaller the droplet size. Finally, droplets were used as carriers for {DNA} to be transfected into the Cos-7 cells. It was also experimentally found that the size of the emulsion droplets plays an important role on the efficiency of the gene delivery. }, journal = {Microfluidics and Nanofluidics}, author = {{Huei-Wen} Wu and {Yen-Chang} Huang and {Chao-Liang} Wu and {Gwo-Bin} Lee} }, @misc{_2002nnunreura.pdf_????, title = {{2002NNUNREUra.pdf}}, url = {http://www.nnin.org/doc/2002NNUNREUra.pdf#page=59} }, @inproceedings{lienemann_electrode_????, title = {Electrode shapes for electrowetting arrays}, author = {J. Lienemann and A. Greiner and J. G. Korvink} }, @article{bahadur_energy-based_2006, title = {An energy-based model for electrowetting-induced droplet actuation}, volume = {16}, journal = {J. Micromech. Microeng}, author = {V. Bahadur and S. V. Garimella}, year = {2006}, pages = {1494--1503} }, @article{pollack_electrowetting-based_2002, title = {Electrowetting-based actuation of droplets for integrated microfluidics}, volume = {2}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b110474h}, abstract = {The serviceability of microfluidics-based instrumentation including 'lab-on-a-chip' systems critically depends on control of fluid motion. We are reporting here an alternative approach to microfluidics based upon the micromanipulation of discrete droplets of aqueous electrolyte by electrowetting. Using a simple open structure, consisting of two sets of opposing planar electrodes fabricated on glass substrates, positional and formational control of microdroplets ranging in size from several nanoliters to several microliters has been demonstrated at voltages between 15-100 V. Since there are no permanent channels or structures between the plates, the system is highly flexible and reconfigurable. Droplet transport is rapid and efficient with average velocities exceeding 10 cm s-1 having been observed. The dependence of the velocity on voltage is roughly independent of the droplet size within certain limits, thus the smallest droplets studied ([similar]3 nl) could be transported over 1000 times their length per second. Formation, mixing, and splitting of microdroplets was also demonstrated using the same microactuator structures. Thus, electrowetting provides a means to achieve high levels of functional integration and flexibility for microfluidic systems.}, number = {2}, journal = {Lab on a Chip}, author = {M. G. Pollack and A. D. Shenderov and R. B. Fair}, year = {2002}, pages = {96--101} }, @inproceedings{braun_contactless_2008, title = {Contactless Component Handling on {PCB} Using {EWOD} Principles}, doi = {{10.1109/EPTC.2008.4763432}}, abstract = {As the development of microelectronics is still driving towards further miniaturization, new materials, processes and technologies are crucial for the realization of future cost effective microsystems and components. Futures {ICs} and passives will also decrease in size, e.g. for {RF-ID} applications forecast die sizes are smaller than 250 mum, thicknesses less than 50 mum and pitches way below 100 mum. Passives, if not directly integrated into the system carrier, will be even smaller. Touchless and self-assembly based procedures seem to be a promising method for handling miniaturized components not directly fabricated at the very place where they are needed. Based on the "electrowetting on dielectrics" effect {(EWOD)} - a contactless handling technology well known from lab-on-chip applications for liquid transport, sorting, mixing and splitting - is used as a basis for microelectronics assembly purposes on standard printed circuit boards. Handling shall be feasible for miniaturized components as duplets, smallest {SMDs} as well as for nano-scaled building blocks. The physical principle is a change in the droplet contact angle of a droplet when immersed into an electrical field, an effect that can be used for droplet movement and potentially for component transport. The process flow under evaluation starts with positioning of a droplet, containing a component, on a hydrophobic surface of the carrier substrate with rough accuracy. Using the mentioned electro wetting effect the droplet will be moved quickly until the desired position is reached. The precise placement of the droplet in mum range takes place by means of field gradients and local manipulation of the carrier surface. The assembly is finished with the evaporation of the component containing droplets and the transfer of all components to the final substrate. The experimental work on {EWOD} described in this paper includes electrical layout, substrate manufacturing, hydrophobic surface modification and droplet handlin- - g in combination with a process simulation. The electrowetting conveying system is simulated using the Multi Body Dissipative Particle Dynamics method {(MDPD),} where clusters of fluid molecules are represented by coarse grained particles. Wetting behavior is introduced by position-fixed wall particles: the force between a wall and a fluid particle is adapted such that the required contact angle emerges. The electrowetting model uses the Lippmann equation to find the influence of the applied voltage on the wetting behavior, i.e., the attractive forces between wall and fluid particles are modified to simulate the electrostatic forces on the contact line. The micro parts are also simulated by connected particles with special interaction forces for (almost) rigid body motion.}, booktitle = {Electronics Packaging Technology Conference, 2008. {EPTC} 2008. 10th}, author = {T. Braun and {K.-F.} Becker and M. Koch and E. Jung and J. Lienemann and {J.G.} Korvink and R. Kahle and J. Bauer and R. Aschenbrenner and H. Reichl}, year = {2008}, keywords = {contactless component handling,droplet contact angle,droplet handling,electrical field,electrical layout,electronics packaging,electrowetting on dielectrics effect,field gradients,hydrophobic {surface,Lippmann} equation,materials handling,multi body dissipative particle dynamics {method,PCB,printed} circuits,substrate manufacturing}, pages = {186--192} }, @article{chuang_open_2008, title = {Open optoelectrowetting droplet actuation}, volume = {93}, url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?APL/93/064104/1}, doi = {10.1063/1.2970047}, number = {6}, journal = {Applied Physics Letters}, author = {{Han-Sheng} Chuang and Aloke Kumar and Steven T. Wereley}, year = {2008}, keywords = {electrodes,optoelectronic devices}, pages = {064104--3} }, @article{chiou_light_2003, title = {Light actuation of liquid by optoelectrowetting}, volume = {104}, issn = {0924-4247}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6THG-486G7X8-1/2/65feb1965413578426cffabdaef4386d}, doi = {{10.1016/S0924-4247(03)00024-4}}, abstract = { Optical actuation of liquid droplets has been experimentally demonstrated for the first time using a novel optoelectrowetting {(OEW)} principle. The optoelectrowetting surface is realized by integrating a photoconductive material underneath a two-dimensional array of electrowetting electrodes. Contact angle change as large as 30° has been achieved when illuminated by a light beam with an intensity of 65 {mW/cm2.} A micro-liter droplet of deionized water has been successfully transported by a 4 {mW} laser beam across a 1 cm×1 cm {OEW} surface. The droplet speed is measured to be 7 mm/s. Light actuation enables complex microfluidic functions to be performed on a single chip without encountering the wiring bottleneck of two-dimensional array of electrowetting electrodes.}, number = {3}, journal = {Sensors and Actuators A: Physical}, author = {Pei Yu Chiou and Hyejin Moon and Hiroshi Toshiyoshi and {Chang-Jin} Kim and Ming C. Wu}, month = may, year = {2003}, keywords = {{Electrowetting,Lap-on-a-chip,Microfluid,Optical} actuation of {microfluid,Optoelectrowetting,Surface} tension}, pages = {222--228} }, @article{liu_dna_2008, title = {{DNA} ligation of ultramicro volume using an {EWOD} microfluidic system with coplanar electrodes}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering}, author = {Y. J. Liu and D. J. Yao and H. C. Lin and W. Y. Chang and H. Y. Chang}, year = {2008}, pages = {45017--45017} }, @inproceedings{chuang_direct_????, title = {Direct Handwriting Manipulation of Droplets by {Self-Aligned} {Mirror-EWOD} across a Dielectric Sheet}, author = {K. C. Chuang and S. K. Fan} }, @article{moon_low_2002, title = {Low voltage electrowetting-on-dielectric}, volume = {92}, url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JAP/92/4080/1}, doi = {10.1063/1.1504171}, number = {7}, journal = {Journal of Applied Physics}, author = {Hyejin Moon and Sung Kwon Cho and Robin L. Garrell and {Chang-Jin} {"CJ"} Kim}, month = oct, year = {2002}, keywords = {adhesion,electric breakdown,electrohydrodynamics}, pages = {4080--4087} }, @inproceedings{pei_yu_chiou_picoliter_2003, title = {Picoliter droplet manipulation based on a novel continuous opto-electrowetting mechanism}, volume = {1}, abstract = {We report on a novel continuous opto-electrowetting {(COEW)} mechanism which enables surface wetting property to be modified locally by an optical beam with a spatial resolution of a few micrometers. It is based on the opto-electrowetting mechanism we reported previously, but without using any pixilated electrodes. The {COEW} is particularly attractive for manipulating picoliter droplets. We have experimentally demonstrated the trapping and moving of 10 and 50 picoliter droplets. The experimental results agree very well with our theoretical modeling. The {COEW} device consists of four featureless layers of thin films and does not require any photolithographic process. Disposal {COEW} devices can be mass-produced at very low cost.}, booktitle = {{TRANSDUCERS,} {Solid-State} Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, 12th International Conference on, 2003}, author = {Pei Yu Chiou and Zehou Chang and {M.C.} Wu}, year = {2003}, keywords = {aluminium,amorphous semiconductors,dark conductivity,elemental semiconductors,featureless layers,indium {compounds,InSnO-Si-SiO2-Al,ITO-Si-SiO2-Al,micromanipulators,micro-optics,optical} beam,optoelectrowetting mechanism,picoliter droplet manipulation,semiconductor thin films,silicon,silicon compounds,spatial resolution,surface wetting property,thin film devices,thin films,tin compounds,trapping}, pages = {468--471 vol.1} }, @article{cooney_electrowetting_2006, title = {Electrowetting droplet microfluidics on a single planar surface}, volume = {2}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10404-006-0085-8}, doi = {10.1007/s10404-006-0085-8}, abstract = {Abstract Electrowetting refers to an electrostatically induced reduction in the contact angle of an electrically conductive liquid droplet on a surface. Most designs ground the droplet by either sandwiching the droplet with a grounding plate on top or by inserting a wire into the droplet. Washizu and others have developed systems capable of generating droplet motion without a top plate while allowing the droplet potential to float. In contrast to these designs, we demonstrate an electrowetting system in which the droplet can be electrically grounded from below using thin conductive lines on top of the dielectric layer. This alternative method of electrically grounding the droplet, which we refer to as grounding-from-below, enables more robust droplet translation without requiring a top plate or wire. We present a concise electrical-energy analysis that accurately describes the distinction between grounded and non-grounded designs, the improvements in droplet motion, and the simplified control strategy associated with grounding-from-below designs. Electrowetting on a single planar surface offers flexibility for interfacing to liquid-handling instruments, utilizing droplet inertial dynamics to achieve enhanced mixing of two droplets upon coalescence, and increasing droplet translation speeds. In this paper, we present experimental results and a number of design issues associated with the grounding-from-below approach.}, number = {5}, journal = {Microfluidics and Nanofluidics}, author = {Christopher Cooney and {Chao-Yi} Chen and Michael Emerling and Ali Nadim and James Sterling}, year = {2006}, pages = {435--446} }, @article{pollack_electrowetting-based_2000, title = {Electrowetting-based actuation of liquid droplets for microfluidic applications}, volume = {77}, url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?APL/77/1725/1}, doi = {10.1063/1.1308534}, number = {11}, journal = {Applied Physics Letters}, author = {Michael G. Pollack and Richard B. Fair and Alexander D. Shenderov}, year = {2000}, keywords = {microactuators}, pages = {1725--1726} }, @article{krogmann_reconfigurable_2008, title = {Reconfigurable liquid micro-lenses with high positioning accuracy}, volume = {143}, issn = {0924-4247}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6THG-4PWKSKF-3/2/ec63e4f1d7625f1e033b52c7e5743aea}, doi = {10.1016/j.sna.2007.09.018}, abstract = { A new technique to improve the positioning accuracy of liquid droplets in electrowetting-on-dielectric applications is presented. The approach is based on a structured dielectric layer providing defined pinning barriers for the droplet, and allows the reduction of the number of implemented electrodes while preserving the positioning accuracy of the liquid droplet. By use of voltage pulses, the droplet is shifted from one defined position to the next. A tunable and repositionable liquid micro-lens system based on this approach is demonstrated.}, number = {1}, journal = {Sensors and Actuators A: Physical}, author = {F. Krogmann and R. Shaik and L. Lasinger and W. Mönch and H. Zappe}, month = may, year = {2008}, keywords = {{Electrowetting,Electrowetting-on-dielectrics,EWOD,Liquid} lens}, pages = {129--135} }, @article{krogmann_push/pull_2008, title = {Push/pull actuation using opto-electrowetting}, volume = {141}, issn = {0924-4247}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6THG-4PFW68B-2/2/9c76b5f018cbadeba935007f7768d392}, doi = {10.1016/j.sna.2007.08.017}, abstract = { It is shown theoretically and experimentally that opto-electrowetting may be used for both pulling and pushing liquid droplets. A theoretical analysis based on the Lippmann-equation and an electronic equivalent circuit model allows definition of a voltage and frequency range for which pushing may be achieved, a novelty in electrowetting-based actuation. Experimental confirmation of the effect demonstrates that enhanced flexibility in micro-fluidic actuation may be obtained under appropriate bias conditions.}, number = {2}, journal = {Sensors and Actuators A: Physical}, author = {Florian Krogmann and Hong Qu and Wolfgang Mönch and Hans Zappe}, month = feb, year = {2008}, keywords = {{Electrowetting,Electrowetting-on-dielectrics,Liquid} {handling,Micro-fluidic} {device,Opto-electrowetting}}, pages = {499--505} }, @article{hoshino_electrowetting-based_2004, title = {Electrowetting-based pico-liter liquid actuation in a glass-tube microinjector}, volume = {114}, issn = {0924-4247}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6THG-4C1FDX1-1/2/ac65837a94da2bb6c1a12db9c848026f}, doi = {10.1016/j.sna.2004.02.002}, abstract = { We describe pico-liter liquid actuation in a microinjector. Unlike the most {MEMS} studies reported before, we used a pulled glass tube as the device structure. The tube can pump and eject based on the principle of electrowetting on dielectrics {(EWOD).The} pipette was fabricated through a simple process of depositing and patterning a {ITO} conductive layer and hydrophobic Teflon® coatings on the inside and outside of a pulled glass tube. In the experiment, 1000 pl water was introduced within the hydrophilic part of the tube to prime the pump. 500 pico-liter water was then pumped-up at the maximum driving voltage of 1400 V. The obtained increase in pumping pressure was calculated to be 0.6 Pa. The measured actuated volume was compared with the theoretical value to discuss the matter in the proposed fabrication. Since glass-tube pipettes are commonly-used for biological experiments, the fabricated device is compatible with the tools and techniques used in biomedical researches, such as electrophysiological measurement and fluorescence method.}, number = {2-3}, journal = {Sensors and Actuators A: Physical}, author = {Kazunori Hoshino and Soroj Triteyaprasert and Kiyoshi Matsumoto and Isao Shimoyama}, month = sep, year = {2004}, keywords = {{Electrowetting,Glass} {tube,Microinjection,Wettability} control}, pages = {473--477} }, @article{griffin_pyrosequencing_????, title = {Pyrosequencing of {DNA} using Electrowetting on Dielectrics}, journal = {The 2002 {NNUN} Research Experience for Undergraduates Program}, author = {P. Griffin and A. Agah}, pages = {58} }, @book{ding_reconfigurable_????, title = {Reconfigurable Microfluidic System Architecture Based on {Two-Dimensional} Electrowetting Arrays}, author = {J. Ding and K. Chakrabarty and R. B. Fair} }, @article{delchambre_contribution_????, title = {A Contribution to Microassembly: a Study of Capillary Forces as a gripping Principle}, author = {A. Delchambre} }