Re: m1, m2, m3 civilizations

Damien Broderick (damien@ariel.ucs.unimelb.edu.au)
Fri, 11 Dec 1998 16:37:19 +0000

>galaxy. I think I got this from Hyperspace by Michio Kaku

In Kaku's VISIONS, he cites and uses the analysis by Nikolair Kardashev and Freeman Dyson (first popularised by Sagan, I believe, in THE COSMIC CONNECTION [1975]).

Type I civilisation masters all the energy available on a single planet. (So we're still Type 0.)

Type II masters a star - using a Dyson sphere, for example.

Type III exploits groups of stars, perhaps a whole galaxy.

Kaku conjectures Type IV, which plays tricks with wormholes and can escape the death of this universe by tunneling to another.

Damien Broderick