\chapter{CREATING NEW OBJECTS}

\section{Creating New Leaves (Solids/Primitives)}

A family of commands exists to allow the user to
add more actual solids (leaf nodes) to the model database.
To obtain a precise duplicate of an existing solid (presumably to be
changed by a subsequent editing command), the copy ({\em cp}) command
can be used.  It is important to note that the copy operation is
different from creating an {\em instance} of an existing solid;
there are occasions to use both operations.
If the precise configuration of the solid desired is not important, the
{\em make} command can be used to create a stock prototype solid of the
desired type with the given name, which can then be edited to suit.
The {\em mirror} command makes a
duplicate of an existing solid reflected about
one of the coordinate axes.

If the actual numeric parameters of a solid are known, then the {\em in}
command can be used.  In addition to prompting for the descriptions of
the full generic primitive solids, this command also accepts
abbreviated input formats.  For example, a wedge or an RPP can be entered
with a minimum of parameters, even though a database ARB8 is created.
Similarly, the parameters for a right circular cylinder can be given,
resulting in a truncated general cone (TGC) being stored.
This is not a very sophisticated way to build solids, but it receives
a surprising amount of use.

A number of commands also exist to create new solids with some
higher level description.  For example, the {\em inside} command
creates a new solid inside an existing solid, separated from the
existing solid by specified tolerances.  This is quite useful for
creating hollow objects such as fuel tanks.
It is possible to create a plate with a specified
azimuthal orientation and fallback angle, or to create an ARB8 (plate)
by specifying three points and a thickness, or to create an ARB8
given one point, an azimuthal orientation, and a fallback angle.

\section{Specific Cases}

After having started MGED and created a new database, the next
step is to use the {\em units} command to tell the system that you will
be entering values in mm, cm, m, in or ft.  For our example we will
work in mm:

\begin{verbatim}
     units mm
\end{verbatim}

Now you may give your database a title using the {\em title} command as in:

\begin{verbatim}
     title Mechanical Bracket
\end{verbatim}

This title (``Mechanical Bracket'') now appears at bottom left hand
corner of graphics window.  Further examples:
\begin{verbatim}
     title six wheeled tank
     title stub axle
\end{verbatim}

At this point you can start creating your solid objects using the ``arbs'',
``sph'', ``tor'', {\em etc.},
arguments to the {\em make} or {\em in} command.
The {\em make} command gives you a solid to a default size,
you then have to use the
solid edit mode to interactively edit the solid to the desired size.
{\em make} command is entered as below:
Examples:
\begin{verbatim}
make box arb8
make cyl rcc
make ball sph
\end{verbatim}
The first argument is the solid name, and the second argument is
the primitive type.

The {\em in} command expects you to key in a set of parameters to describe your
solid; the parameters can be the x y and z of a vertex (such as the
corner of an ARP8), or the x y and z of a vector (such as the height
or H vector of a BOX) or the radius (such as for a torus).
Below is a list of primitives
with their {\em in} commands as requested by MGED and sample input.
Reading an {\em in} file into a MGED data file will be discussed later.
Note how providing incomplete input to the {\em in} command will result
in MGED repeating the prompt for the missing information.

\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics{ex.rpp.ps}
\caption{Example RPP.}
\label{ex.rpp}
\end{figure}

\subsection{RPP (rectangular parallelepiped)}

{\tt
mged> {\em in name rpp}\\
Enter XMIN, XMAX, YMIN, YMAX, ZMIN, ZMAX: {\em 0 25} \\
Enter YMIN, YMAX, ZMIN, ZMAX: {\em 0 50} \\
Enter ZMIN, ZMAX: {\em 0 100} \\
}

This sequence produces the RPP shown in Figure \ref{ex.rpp}.

\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics{ex.box.ps}
\caption{Example BOX.}
\label{ex.box}
\end{figure}

\subsection{BOX (BOX)}

{\tt
mged> {\em in my box} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vertex: {\em 0 0 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vector H: {\em 25 0 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vector W: {\em 0 50 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vector D: {\em 0 0 100} \\
}
This sequence produces the BOX shown in Figure \ref{ex.box}.

\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics{ex.arb8.ps}
\caption{Example ARB8.}
\label{ex.arb8}
\end{figure}

\subsection{ARB8: Arbitrary Convex Polyhedron, 8 Vertices}

{\tt
mged> {\em in poly arb8} \\
Enter X, Y, Z for point 1: {\em 0 0 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z for point 2: {\em 0 150 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z for point 3: {\em 0 150 200} \\
Enter X, Y, Z for point 4: {\em 0 0 200} \\
Enter X, Y, Z for point 5: {\em 75 0 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z for point 6: {\em 75 150 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z for point 7: {\em 75 150 200} \\
Enter X, Y, Z for point 8: {\em 75 0 200} \\
}
This sequence produces the ARB8 shown in Figure \ref{ex.arb8}.
\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics{ex.arb4.ps}
\caption{Example ARB4.}
\label{ex.arb4}
\end{figure}

\subsection{ARB4: Arbitrary Convex Polyhedron, 4 vertices}

{\tt
mged> {\em in a4 arb4} \\
Enter X, Y, Z for point 1: {\em 0 0 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z for point 2: {\em 10 60 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z for point 3: {\em 40 20 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z for point 4: {\em 20 15 70} \\
}
This sequence produces the ARB4 shown in Figure \ref{ex.arb4}.
\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics{ex.rcc.ps}
\caption{Example Right Circular Cylinder.}
\label{ex.rcc}
\end{figure}

\subsection{RCC (Right Circular Cylinder)}

{\tt
mged> {\em in rcyl rcc} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vertex: {\em 0 0 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of height (H) vector: {\em 0 0 60} \\
Enter radius: {\em 15} \\
}
This sequence produces the RCC shown in Figure \ref{ex.rcc}.
Note that in this case, the A,B,C, and D vectors have magnitude
which equal the radius, 15.
\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics{ex.trc.ps}
\caption{Example Truncated Right Cylinder.}
\label{ex.trc}
\end{figure}

\subsection{TRC (Truncated Right Cylinder)}

{\tt
mged> {\em in trcyl trc} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vertex: {\em 0 0 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of height (H) vector: {\em 40 0 0} \\
Enter radius of base: {\em 20} \\
Enter radius of top: {\em 10} \\
}
This sequence produces the TRC shown in Figure \ref{ex.trc}.
Note that the magnitude of A and B equal the base radius, 20,
\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics{ex.raw.ps}
\caption{Example Right Angle Wedge.}
\label{ex.raw}
\end{figure}

\subsection{RAW (Right Angle Wedge)}

{\tt
mged> {\em in weg raw} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vertex: {\em 0 0 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vector H: {\em 40 0 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vector W: {\em 0 70 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vector D: {\em 0 0 100} \\
}
This sequence produces the RAW shown in Figure \ref{ex.raw}.
\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics{ex.sph.ps}
\caption{Example Sphere.}
\label{ex.sph}
\end{figure}

\subsection{SPH (Sphere)}

{\tt
mged> {\em in ball sph} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vertex: {\em 0 0 0} \\
Enter radius: {\em 50} \\
}
This sequence produces the sphere shown in Figure \ref{ex.sph}.
Note that the A, B, and C vectors all have magnitude equal to
the radius, 50.
\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics{ex.ellg.ps}
\caption{Example General Ellipsoid.}
\label{ex.ellg}
\end{figure}

\subsection{ELLG (General Ellipsoid)}

{\tt
mged> {\em in egg ellg} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vertex: {\em 0 0 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vector A: {\em 20 0 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vector B: {\em 0 60 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vector C: {\em 0 0 40} \\
}
This sequence produces the ellipsoid shown in Figure \ref{ex.ellg}.
\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics{ex.tor.ps}
\caption{Example Torus.}
\label{ex.tor}
\end{figure}

\subsection{TOR (Torus)}

{\tt
mged> {\em in tube tor} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of vertex: {\em 0 0 0} \\
Enter X, Y, Z of normal vector: {\em 0 0 50} \\
Enter radius 1: {\em 20} \\
Enter radius 2: {\em 10} \\
}
This sequence produces the torus shown in Figure \ref{ex.tor}.

\section{Creating New Combinations}

Non-terminal nodes in the directed acyclic graph stored in the database
are also called {\em combinations}.
It is possible to extend the definition of a non-terminal node by
adding an instance of an existing node to the non-terminal node
with an associated boolean
operation of union;  this is done by the {\em i}
(instance) command.  To start with, such an instance has an identity
matrix stored in the arc;  the user needs to separately edit the
arc to move the instance to some other location.
If the non-terminal node being extended does not exist, it is created first.

The instance command provides the simplest way to create a reference to
another node.  Instances of a whole list of nodes can be added to a
non-terminal node by way of the group {\em g} command.
If instances of a list of nodes with non-union boolean operations
is to be added to a non-terminal node, the region {\em r} command
accepts a list of (operation, name) pairs, where the single lower case
character ``u'' indicates union, ``--'' indicates subtraction, and
``+'' indicates intersection.  The first operation specified
is not significant.  An example of this command might be:
\begin{center}
{\em r non-terminal u node1 -- node2 + node3}
\end{center}
For historical reasons,
there is no explicit grouping possible, occasionally forcing
the user to create intermediate non-terminal nodes to allow the
realization of the desired boolean formula.
It is also important to note that for the same reasons
there is an {\em implicit} grouping between union terms, i.e.
\begin{center}
u n1 -- n2 + n3 u n4 -- n5
\end{center}
is evaluated as
\begin{center}
(n1 -- n2 + n3) union (n4 -- n5)
\end{center}
rather than
\begin{center}
((((n1 -- n2) + n3) union n4) -- n5)
\end{center}
Therefore, you can think of the solids
on either side of the union operators as surrounded by parentheses.
The order of the region members is
critical, and must be scrutinized when members are added or deleted from a
region.
The order can be printed out using the {\em l} or {\em cat} commands.