Stretch growth of integrated axon tracts: Extremes and exploitations (2011)

Tissue-engineered grafts exploit axon-facilitated axon regeneration and pathway protection to enable recovery after 5-cm nerve defects in pigs (2022)

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8610031/ "have previously developed tissue engineered nerve grafts (TENGs) through the process of axon stretch growth. TENGs consist of living, centimeter-scale, aligned axon tracts that accelerate axon regeneration at rates equivalent to the gold standard autograft in small and large animal models of PNI, by providing a newfound mechanism-of-action referred to as axon-facilitated axon regeneration (AFAR). To enable clinical-grade biomanufacturing of TENGs, a suitable cell source that is hypoimmunogenic, exhibits low batch-to-batch variability, and able to tolerate axon stretch growth must be utilized. To fulfill these requirements, a genetically engineered, FDA-approved, xenogeneic cell source, GalSafe® neurons, produced by Revivicor, Inc., have been selected to advance TENG biofabrication for eventual clinical use."

See neurosurgery, organoids