These references are mainly about 3d bioprinting and in particular vascularization of larger tissues or printed organs.

Reviews

  • Advanced strategies for vascular bioprinting & “smart” bioinks and design rules for perfusable in-vitro models. Taylor & Francis Online
  • Recent progress in 3D-printed vascularized tissues/organs (heart, liver, lung, kidney, etc.). ScienceDirect
  • Light-based (DLP/SLA/two-photon) bioprinting for vascular tissue engineering—capillary-scale resolution & photochemistry caveats. PubMed, ScienceDirect
  • Embedded bioprinting overview—gel-in-gel methods enabling complex, multiscale vascular architectures. ScienceDirect
  • Embedded 3D bioprinting of vascularized constructs: materials & rheology trends. PubMed
  • In-vitro vascular microsystems / microphysiological platforms (manufacturing methods + cell choices). Nature
  • Organoid vascularization reviews (bioengineering methods; perfusable networks for hPSC-derived organoids). ScienceDirect
  • Melt-electrowriting (MEW) for cardiovascular tissues—scaffolds, lattices, tubular grafts. PMC, Advanced Online Library

Recent stuff

  • Coaxial & in-bath/embedded coaxial printing for multilayered, branching, perfusable vessels (EC-lined lumens; SMC shells). lewisgroup.seas.harvard.edu, Advanced Online Library, RSC Publishing
  • Process optimization for coaxial extrusion (CFD + experiments) and practical recipes. ScienceDirect
  • Volumetric bioprinting (VBP)—fast, complex hydrogel constructs; emerging multi-material VBP. Advanced Online Library, BioRxiv
  • Light-based/DLP routes to internal vasculature and high-fidelity lumen geometries; multi-material stereolithography for vascular architectures. PubMed, Nature
  • Embedded freeform writing (e.g., SPIRIT) to place freeform vascular trees inside soft matrices. Wiley Online Library
  • MEW + hydrogels hybrids for perfusable, high-porosity scaffolds and small-diameter tubular constructs. PMC, ScienceDirect
  • Microfluidic bioprinting / multi-material nozzles to pattern lumen wall composition and shear profiles. scifiniti.com

Perfusable systems

  • CHIPS: collagen-based high-resolution internally perfusable scaffolds (Science Advances, 2025). Science
  • >1-cm-thick perfused tissues sustained on-chip for >6 weeks (classic but still a benchmark). PNAS
  • Thick hepatic constructs (>1 cm³) with vascular perfusion—toward metabolic organ models. ScienceDirect
  • Perfusable vascularized tumor model (Frontiers, 2025) with custom perfusion system for long-term viability. Frontiers, PMC
  • Coaxial/embedded networks enabling branching, multilayered vessels suitable for perfusion & endothelialization. Advanced Online Library
  • Implant-scale, bioprinted vessel grafts tested in vivo (2025). Nature
  • New internal-network printing (SINP) for perfusable lattices inside bulk scaffolds. ScienceDirect

2D / planar vessel printing & patterning

  • Inkjet/DOD endothelial patterning—physics of particulate-laden hydrogel inks & printability windows. SpringerLink
  • Laser-assisted bioprinting—cell viability/resolution trade-offs and suitable use-cases. Nature, PMC
  • On-chip printed multi-hydrogel vasculature for stable perfusion models. Wiley Online Library

Blood vessel donation into 3d bioprinting constructs

Microvascular fragment (MVF) micro-grafts

Microvascular fragment (MVF) “micro-grafts” printed or embedded into constructs.

  • Bioprinted dermis + human adipose MVFs (HaMVFs): MVFs co-printed in GelMA/HAMA/fibrinogen rapidly reassemble into perfusable microvessels and boost healing. PubMed, Analytical Science Journals
  • Islets + adipose MVFs in 3D collagen (in vitro): MVFs vascularize pancreatic islets inside hydrogel—useful template for pairing explanted microvessels with dense tissues. PMC
  • Encapsulated β-like cells + MVFs in a 3D-printed device (retrievable): integrates MVFs with a printed housing for long-term function. ScienceDirect
  • Recent MVF review (2025): isolation, composition (intact EC + perivascular cells), rapid inosculation. PMC

Whole-vessel explants

Whole-vessel explants grafted into gels to vascularize in vitro bioprinted/engineered tissues

  • Explant-driven sprouting to make chimeric vasculature: mouse aorta/vena cava/AV-bundle explants embedded in fibrin sprout into cell-laden hydrogels, forming hybrid (explant + human EC) networks; notes on anti-fibrinolytic (aprotinin) and stiffness effects. PMC
  • Aortic ring–style explant assays (how-to): protocol to drive angiogenic sprouts from vessel rings into 3D matrices; can be paired with collagen/fibrin systems used in printing. PMC
  • General background on explant/microfluidic vascularization on-chip: recent platforms vascularize organoids/tissues via induced angiogenesis and perfusion (useful when you want a pre-made bed to “graft” your printed tissue onto). Nature, SpringerLink

Macro-vessel graft

Use a macro-vessel graft (native or TEVG) as a suturable “header” that angiogenically feeds your printed tissue

  • Suturable TEVG → angiogenesis into tissue construct (2024): demonstrates a hierarchically vascularized & suturable construct by letting a TEVG sprout into the engineered tissue. Great template for using a graft as inlet/outlet + angiogenic source. ScienceDirect
  • TEVG with micro-channel bed (“AngioTube”) concept: macro-conduit surrounded by a micro-channel array to promote perfusion and outgrowth into bulk tissue. ScienceDirect

AV-loop / pedicle transplants to pre-vascularize printed constructs

  • AV-loop method (protocol & reviews): create an artery–vein loop inside a chamber that contains your scaffold/bioprinted matrix; loop vascularizes the construct, which can later be transplanted with its own vascular axis. PMC, Karger, Nature
  • Inline anastomosis of printed hydrogels (large animal): 3D-printed hydrogel modules connected in-line to a porcine AV shunt to assess patency/flow Frontiers

Perfusion hardware

Perfusion hardware that lets you hook actual vessels into your printed constructs either in vitro/ex vivo.

  • Arteriovenous perfusion bioreactor (in vitro): modular system that recreates arterial and venous conditions for multi-scale vascular networks—handy when you want physiologic shear on graft-fed constructs. MDPI
  • Ex vivo native-vessel culture in 3D-printed bioreactors: protocols and devices for pulsatile culture of porcine/human arteries (Luer-friendly), which you can plumb to a printed scaffold loop. Frontiers, JoVE

Pragmatics

  • Matrix choice & proteolysis control: With artery/vein explants in fibrin, expect explant-induced fibrinolysis; aprotinin stabilized gels and improved sprouting windows in vitro. Stiffness also correlates with sprout distance—tune G′ accordingly. PMC
  • “Micro-graft” density: MVFs can be printed/embedded at high volume fractions; these their own perivascular support cells, speeding inosculation versus EC-only inks. PMC
  • Perfusion plumbing: pair a suturable TEVG/native-vessel segment as an inlet/outlet with a small-volume loop; the AV-style perfusion scheme helps maintain physiologic pressure gradients. ScienceDirect, MDPI
  • Path to in vivo: If translation is the goal, the AV-loop chamber is the most mature route to take a prevascularized (even bioprinted) construct into an implant with immediate flow via microanastomosis. PMC, Nature

Vascularization for transplantation

These references are more focused on vascularization for the purposes of transplantation into an animal.

Cryopreserved allografts (arterial/venous). Journal of Vascular Surgery, Oxford Academic

Synthetic prosthetic grafts (ePTFE/Dacron)

Decellularized native vessels (allograft/xenograft) & recellularization

  • Techniques, quality benchmarks, and re-endothelialization strategies for tiny/small-diameter grafts. Frontiers, SpringerOpen
  • Fresh examples. Decellularized human iliac artery scaffolds with ECM preservation for grafting. ScienceDirect
  • decellularized plant vasculature as arterial templates (review, 2025). PMC

Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs): acellular & cell-based

“Use the body to vascularize it” — transplants/implants that bring vessels with them

  • Arteriovenous (AV) loop / vascular pedicle transplants to prevascularize large constructs in vivo; design + mouse/rat models and the latest in AV-style perfusion bioreactors for in-vitro conditioning. Nature, MDPI
  • Microvascular fragment (MVF) explants (from adipose tissue) as ready-made microvessels that inosculate rapidly. PubMed, PMC, Oxford Academic