Chapter 11 Self-reproducing machines and manufacturing processes - Adrian Bowyer, University of Bath, UK 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Historical perspective 11.3 Definitions of terms 11.4 Simulation and analysis 11.4.1 Cellular automata 11.4.2 von Neumann reproduction 11.5 Electro-mechanical self-reproduction 11.5.1 Kinematic self-reproducing machines 11.5.1.1 Self-assembly 11.5.1.2 Self-manufacture 11.6 Physico-chemical self-reproduction 11.6.1 Meso-scale self-assembly 11.6.2 Micro-scale self-assembly 11.7 Synthetic biology 11.8 Possible near-future developments 11.9 Ethics and safety