<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to IEEE Xplore 2.0: Collection efficiency of ultrafine particles by an electrostaticprecipitator under DC and pulse operating modes</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link href="/styles/css/StyleSheet.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<script src="/styles/ieee_menubar/javascript_main.js" language="javascript" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script language="javascript" src="/styles/ieee_menubar/browser_detection.js"></script>
<script language="javascript" src="/styles/ieee_menubar/activemenu.js"></script>
<script language="javascript" src="/styles/ieee_menubar/init_cssposition_guest.js"></script>
<script language="javascript" src="/styles/ieee_menubar/javascript_main.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/styles/xplorejs/Xplorejs.js"></script>
<script>
var totalFolders=0;
function expand_all() {
for (var i = 1; i < totalFolders; i++) {
closeNodeObj(findObj(i),"open");
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body vlink="CFE2FF" alink="CFE2FF" leftmargin="0" topmargin="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" onLoad="expand_all()">
<!-- start menu include -->
<div id="menu6Container">
<a href="#startcontent"><img src="/images/1px_white.gif" alt="Skip Over Navigation" name="skipnav" width="1" height="1" border="0" id="skipnav"></a>
<div id="menu6Content" class="menu">
<table width="115" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="This table structures the header, including Site Layout Controls, and navigational links.">
<tr>
<td width="1" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
<td width="113" bgcolor="#CD6600"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
<td width="10" bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="CFE2FF"><table width="100" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'" onMouseDown="">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="125" height="1"></td>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'" onMouseDown="">
<td width="7%"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td width="46%"><a href="/xpl/periodicals.jsp" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="j">Journals & Magazines
</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/xpl/conferences.jsp" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="c">Conference Proceedings</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/xpl/standards.jsp" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="b">Standards</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" alt="" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/books/bkbrowse.jsp" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="b">Books</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" alt="" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/modules/modulebrowse.jsp" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="b">Educational Courses</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" alt="" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/techsurvey/ts_browse.jsp" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="b">Technology Surveys</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</table></td>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div id="menu7Container">
<div id="menu7Content" class="menu">
<table width="100" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="1" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
<td width="113" bgcolor="#CD6600"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
<td width="10" bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="CFE2FF"><table width="100" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'" onMouseDown="">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="80" height="1"></td>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'" onMouseDown="">
<td width="10%"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td width="90%"><a href="/search/advsearch.jsp" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="v">Advanced</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/search/authors.jsp" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="a">Author</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/search/crefsearch.jsp" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="r">CrossRef</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/search/citationsearch.jsp" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="r">Citation Search</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/search/history.jsp" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="h">Session History</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</table></td>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div id="menu8Container">
<div id="menu8Content" class="menu">
<table width="115" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="1" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
<td width="113" bgcolor="#CD6600"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
<td width="10" bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="CFE2FF"><table width="100" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'" onMouseDown="">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="130" height="1"></td>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'" onMouseDown="">
<td width="7%"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td width="93%"><a href="/guide/g_oview_faq.jsp" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="g">Overview</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/guide/g_infoac_fulltxt.jsp" class="dropDownNav">Information About Content</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/guide/g_tools_apo.jsp" class="dropDownNav">Tools</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/guide/g_flibr_faq.jsp" class="dropDownNav">For Librarians</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/guide/g_fmem_faq.jsp" class="dropDownNav">For IEEE Members</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/guide/g_fauth_faq.jsp" class="dropDownNav">For Authors</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</table></td>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div id="menu9Container">
<div id="menu9Content" class="menu">
<table width="115" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="1" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
<td width="113" bgcolor="#CD6600"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
<td width="10" bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="CFE2FF"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'" onMouseDown="">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="93" height="1"></td>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'" onMouseDown="">
<td width="9%"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td width="91%"><a href="/xpl/techform.jsp" target="blank" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="8">Technical Support</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/guide/g_oview_faq.jsp" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="9">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="4"></td>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="4"></td>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/xpl/feedback.jsp" target="blank" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="f">Feedback</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/guide/g_flibr_training.jsp" class="dropDownNav">IEEE Xplore Training</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr onmouseover="this.bgColor='#ffffff'" onmouseout="this.bgColor='#CFE2FF'">
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td><a href="/guide/g_oview_accessibility.jsp" class="dropDownNav" accesskey="0">Accessibility</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</table></td>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
<td bgcolor="#003366"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<table width="100" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="10"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="10"></td>
<td width="90"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td><table width="752" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="752"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="750" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18%"><img src="/images/top_left.gif" width="214" height="53"></td>
<td width="82%" valign="top" background="/images/top_right.gif"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="1%"> </td>
<td width="99%">
<div align="right">
<span class="headNav">
<a href="/Xplore/home.jsp" class="topUnderlineLinks">Home</a> |
<a href="/Xplore/login.jsp?url=%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D793383" class="topUnderlineLinks">
Login</a>
|
<a href="/servlet/Login?logout=/Xplore/logout.jsp" class="topUnderlineLinks">
Logout</a>
|
<a href="javascript:openurl('/Xplore/accessinfo.jsp')" class="topUnderlineLinks">
Access Information</a>
| <a href="/xpl/tocalerts_signup.jsp" class="topUnderlineLinks">Alerts</a>
<!--BMS Start-->
| <a href="/articleSale/purchases.jsp" class="topUnderlineLinks">Purchase History</a>
| <a href="http://sbwsweb.ieee.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/ecustomercme_enu/start.swe?SWECmd=InvokeMethod&SWEService=IEEEAddToCartService&SWEMethod=GoToView&mem_type=Customer&Join=y&src=0&HideNew=N&SessionId=Jjb0KqShxJnxZL6by077PZGsyrpmLWyTz3T1PjBDWyPPc6jKL18n!438427072!1248498202617" class="topUnderlineLinks" target="blank" ><img border="0" src="/images/icon_cart_wh.gif" height="12" width="12"> Cart</a>
<!-BMS End-->
| <a href="/xpl/sitemap.jsp" class="topUnderlineLinks">Sitemap</a>
| <a href="/xplorehelp/Help_start.html#Help_abstractplus.html" class="topUnderlineLinks" target="blank">Help</a>
</span></span></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="4%" rowspan="2"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="50" height="33"></td>
<td width="96%" class="headTitle2">
<table width="358" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="50" height="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="headTitle2"> Welcome University of Texas at Austin</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="cfe2ff">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="1%"><img src="/images/L2_pageid_square.gif" width="17" height="7" hspace="0" vspace="0" border="0"></td>
<td width="39%" class="bodyCopy">
<table width="288" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="288"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="288" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="bodyCopy"><strong>AbstractPlus</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="175" height="1"></td>
</tr>
</table> </td>
<td width="60%" align="left" background="/images/nav_bg.gif" class="bodyCopy">
<table width="76%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="12" height="1"></td>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="101" height="1"></td>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="96" height="1"></td>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="153" height="1"></td>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="83" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="headTitle">
<td width="3%"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="12" height="18"></td>
<td width="22%"><a id="act0" href="#" class="headTitle" onmouseover="ypSlideOutMenu.showMenu('menu6')" onmouseout="ypSlideOutMenu.hideMenu('menu6')">BROWSE</a></td>
<td width="21%"><a id="act1" href="#" class="headTitle" onmouseover="ypSlideOutMenu.showMenu('menu7')" onmouseout="ypSlideOutMenu.hideMenu('menu7')">SEARCH</a></td>
<td width="24%"><a id="act2" href="#" class="headTitle" onmouseover="ypSlideOutMenu.showMenu('menu8')" onmouseout="ypSlideOutMenu.hideMenu('menu8')">IEEE XPLORE GUIDE</a></td>
<td width="30%"><a id="act3" href="#" class="headTitle" onmouseover="ypSlideOutMenu.showMenu('menu9')" onmouseout="ypSlideOutMenu.hideMenu('menu9')">SUPPORT</a></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<!-- end menu include -->
<tr>
<td bgcolor="EFEFE7"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="2%"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="15" height="10"></td>
<td width="78%" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge">
<img src="/images/arrow_CD6600_left.gif" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" width="13" height="7"><a href="/xpl/tocresult.jsp?isnumber=&isYear=1999" class="bodyCopy">View TOC</a>
</td>
<td width="20%" valign="top"><div align="right"><img src="/images/icons2email-print.gif" alt="Email/Printer Friendly Format" width="126" height="14" hspace="0" vspace="2" border="0" usemap="#Map">
<map name="Map">
<area shape="rect" coords="1,1,41,13"coords="1,1,41,13" href="javascript:loademail('email.jsp?arTitle=Collection+efficiency+of+ultrafine+particles+by+an+electrostaticprecipitator+under+DC+and+pulse+operating+modes&authors=Zukeran%2C+A.%3B+Looy%2C+P.C.%3B+Chakrabarti%2C+A.%3B+Berezin%2C+A.A.%3B+Jayaram%2C+S.%3B+Cross%2C+J.D.%3B+ITo%2C+T.%3B+Jen-Shih+Chang&puTitle=Industry+Applications%2C+IEEE+Transactions+on&isNo=5&isVol=35&pages=1184-1191&year=Sep%2FOct+1999&page=ABSPLUS')">
<area shap="rect" coords="48,1,127,15" href="absprintf.jsp?arnumber=793383">
</map>
</div></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><table width="751" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="165" valign="top" bgcolor="cfe2ff"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="190" height="1" border="0"></td>
<td width="10" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="100"></td>
<td width="576" rowspan="2" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="headNavBlueXLarge2">
Collection efficiency of ultrafine particles by an electrostaticprecipitator under DC and pulse operating modes</span></p>
<p> <span class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(zukeran%20%20a.<IN>au)&valnm=Zukeran%2C+A.&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">Zukeran, A.</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(%20looy%20%20p.%20c.<IN>au)&valnm=+Looy%2C+P.C.&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy"> Looy, P.C.</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(%20chakrabarti%20%20a.<IN>au)&valnm=+Chakrabarti%2C+A.&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy"> Chakrabarti, A.</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(%20berezin%20%20a.%20a.<IN>au)&valnm=+Berezin%2C+A.A.&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy"> Berezin, A.A.</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(%20jayaram%20%20s.<IN>au)&valnm=+Jayaram%2C+S.&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy"> Jayaram, S.</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(%20cross%20%20j.%20d.<IN>au)&valnm=+Cross%2C+J.D.&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy"> Cross, J.D.</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(%20ito%20%20t.<IN>au)&valnm=+ITo%2C+T.&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy"> ITo, T.</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(%20jen%20shih%20chang<IN>au)&valnm=+Jen-Shih+Chang&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy"> Jen-Shih Chang</a>
<br>Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Musashi Inst. of Technol., Tokyo;</span></p>
<p class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">
This paper appears in: <a href="/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=28"><strong>Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on</strong></a><br>
Publication Date: Sep/Oct 1999<br>
Volume: 35,
<a href="/xpl/tocresult.jsp?isnumber=17214&isYear=1999">Issue: 5</a><br>
On page(s): 1184-1191<br>
ISSN: 0093-9994<br>
References Cited: 27<br>
CODEN: ITIACR<br>
INSPEC Accession Number: 6379175<br>
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/28.793383<br>
<!--Start 2.5.3 code-->
Current Version Published: 2002-08-06<br>
<!--End 2.5.3 code-->
</p></td>
</tr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="CFE2FF"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced"><span class="sectionHeaders">Abstract</span><br>
High particle collection efficiency in terms of particle
weight/volume mg/m<sup>3</sup> is achieved by a conventional
electrostatic precipitator (ESP). However, the collection efficiencies
in terms of number density for the ultrafine (particle size between
0.01-0.1 μm) or submicrometer particles by a conventional ESP are
still relatively low. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the
collection efficiency for ultrafine particles. In this paper, attempts
have been made to improve the ultrafine particle collection efficiency
by controlling dust loading, as well as using the short pulse
energizations. The present version of the ESP consists of three sets of
wire-plate-type electrodes. For the ESP under DC operation modes,
experimental results show that the collection efficiency for DC applied
voltage decreases with increasing dust loading when particle density is
larger than 2.5×10<sup>10</sup> particles/m<sup>3</sup> due to
inefficient collections of ultrafine particles. However, under pulse
operating modes without DC bias, high particle collection efficiency for
ultrafine particles was obtained, which is thought to be due to the
enhancement of particle charging by electrons
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="CFE2FF"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bodyCopyGreySpaced"><p class="sectionHeaders">Index Terms<br>
<span class="sectionHeadersBlue">Inspec</span></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced"><blockquote>
<p><strong>Controlled Indexing</strong><br>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(electrodes<in>de)&valnm=electrodes&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">electrodes</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(electrostatic%20precipitators<in>de)&valnm=electrostatic+precipitators&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">electrostatic precipitators</a>
</p>
<p><strong>Non-controlled Indexing</strong> <br>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(dc%20operating%20mode<in>de)&valnm=DC+operating+mode&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">DC operating mode</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(collection%20efficiency<in>de)&valnm=collection+efficiency&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">collection efficiency</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(dust%20loading%20control<in>de)&valnm=dust+loading+control&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">dust loading control</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(electrons<in>de)&valnm=electrons&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">electrons</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(electrostatic%20precipitator<in>de)&valnm=electrostatic+precipitator&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">electrostatic precipitator</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(increasing%20dust%20loading<in>de)&valnm=increasing+dust+loading&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">increasing dust loading</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(number%20density<in>de)&valnm=number+density&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">number density</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(particle%20charging<in>de)&valnm=particle+charging&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">particle charging</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(particle%20density<in>de)&valnm=particle+density&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">particle density</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(pulse%20operating%20mode<in>de)&valnm=pulse+operating+mode&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">pulse operating mode</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(pulse%20operating%20modes<in>de)&valnm=pulse+operating+modes&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">pulse operating modes</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(short%20pulse%20energization<in>de)&valnm=short+pulse+energization&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">short pulse energization</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(submicrometer%20particles<in>de)&valnm=submicrometer+particles&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">submicrometer particles</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(ultrafine%20particle%20collection%20efficiency<in>de)&valnm=ultrafine+particle+collection+efficiency&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">ultrafine particle collection efficiency</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(ultrafine%20particles<in>de)&valnm=ultrafine+particles&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">ultrafine particles</a>
<a href="/search/searchresult.jsp?disp=cit&queryText=(wire%20plate%20type%20electrodes<in>de)&valnm=wire-plate-type+electrodes&reqloc =others&history=yes" class="bodyCopy">wire-plate-type electrodes</a>
<br>
</p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<!-- Start Index Terms Preeti -->
<!--Take out when we go live with IEEE Terms
<tr>
<td class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced"><span class="sectionHeadersBlue">IEEE</span> <br>
Not Available
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="10"></td>
</tr>
End of IEEE Terms -->
<!-- End Index Terms Preeti -->
<tr>
<td class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced"><span class="sectionHeadersBlue">Author Keywords</span> <br>
Not Available
</td>
</tr>
<!-- Start MESH Terms Preeti -->
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced"><span class="sectionHeadersBlue">Medical Subject Heading (MeSH Terms)</span>
<br>
Not Available
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced"><span class="sectionHeadersBlue">PACS Codes</span>
<br>
Not Available
</td>
</tr>
<!-- End Of Mesh Terms Preeti-->
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced"><span class="sectionHeadersBlue">DOE Thesaurus Terms</span>
<br>
Not Available
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="CFE2FF"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bodyCopyBlack"><span class="sectionHeaders"><strong>References</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">1</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">S. Masuda and S. Hosokawa, “Electrostatic precipitation,” <i>Handbook of Electrostatic Processes</i>, J. S. Chang, A. J. Kelly, and J. M. Crowley, Ed. , New York: Marcel Dekker, ch. 21, pp. 441-480, 1995.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Electrostatic+precipitation&Volume=&issue=&page=441-480&authors=S.+Masuda+and+S.+Hosokawa%2C&Year=1995&JournalBook=Handbook+of+Electrostatic+Processes&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">2</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">N. Isahaya, “\“Development on electrostatic pre-coagulator combined with after-cyclone dust collector,” <i>J. Hitachi-Hyoron</i>, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 1157-1160, 1967.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=%5C%26ldquo%3BDevelopment+on+electrostatic+pre-coagulator+combined+with+after-cyclone+dust+collector&Volume=49&issue=11&page=1157-1160&authors=N.+Isahaya%2C&Year=1967&JournalBook=J.+Hitachi-Hyoron&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">3</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">T. Misaka, “Recent electrostatic precipitator technology,” <i>Proc. IESJ96-1-4 Conf.</i>, pp. 25-34, 1996.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Recent+electrostatic+precipitator+technology&Volume=&issue=&page=25-34&authors=T.+Misaka%2C&Year=1996&JournalBook=Proc.+IESJ96-1-4+Conf.&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">4</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">T. Yagyu, Y. Tsuchiya, S. Onishi, and H. Katayama, “Recent electrostatic precipitation technology,” <i>J. Mitsubishi-Juko-Giho</i>, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 70-73, 1996.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Recent+electrostatic+precipitation+technology&Volume=35&issue=1&page=70-73&authors=T.+Yagyu%2C+Y.+Tsuchiya%2C+S.+Onishi%2C+and+H.+Katayama%2C&Year=1996&JournalBook=J.+Mitsubishi-Juko-Giho&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">5</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">S. Yokawa, T. Shibata, and K. Nagakura, “Wet type electrostatic precipitator for iron and steel industries,” <i>Proc. Inst. Electrostatics Jpn.</i>, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 404-409, 1994.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Wet+type+electrostatic+precipitator+for+iron+and+steel+industries&Volume=18&issue=5&page=404-409&authors=S.+Yokawa%2C+T.+Shibata%2C+and+K.+Nagakura%2C&Year=1994&JournalBook=Proc.+Inst.+Electrostatics+Jpn.&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">6</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">T. Ito, T. Kubota, A. Zukeran, T. Takashi, K. Shinkai, M. Miyamoto, and T. Yoshimochi, “Collection characteristics of submicron particles on electrostatic precipitator,” <i>J. Inst. Elect. Install. Eng. Jpn.</i>, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 113-120, 1995.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Collection+characteristics+of+submicron+particles+on+electrostatic+precipitator&Volume=15&issue=2&page=113-120&authors=T.+Ito%2C+T.+Kubota%2C+A.+Zukeran%2C+T.+Takashi%2C+K.+Shinkai%2C+M.+Miyamoto%2C+and+T.+Yoshimochi%2C&Year=1995&JournalBook=J.+Inst.+Elect.+Install.+Eng.+Jpn.&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">7</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">A. Zukeran, T. Ito, T. Takahashi, and H. Kawakami, “Effect of water on agglomeration and collection efficiency in electrostatic precipitator,” <i>J. Inst. Elect. Install. Eng. Jpn.</i>, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 1288-1296, 1996.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Effect+of+water+on+agglomeration+and+collection+efficiency+in+electrostatic+precipitator&Volume=16&issue=12&page=1288-1296&authors=A.+Zukeran%2C+T.+Ito%2C+T.+Takahashi%2C+and+H.+Kawakami%2C&Year=1996&JournalBook=J.+Inst.+Elect.+Install.+Eng.+Jpn.&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">8</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">C. Riehle and F. Loffler, “The effective migration rate in electrostatic precipitator,” <i>Aerosol Sci. Technol.</i>, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 1992.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=The+effective+migration+rate+in+electrostatic+precipitator&Volume=16&issue=1&page=1-14&authors=C.+Riehle+and+F.+Loffler%2C&Year=1992&JournalBook=Aerosol+Sci.+Technol.&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">9</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">M. Raphael, S. Rohani, and F. Soslski, “Isoelectric precipitation of sunflower protein in a tubular precipitator,” <i>Can. J. Chem. Eng.</i>, vol. 73, pp. 470-483, Aug. 1995.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Isoelectric+precipitation+of+sunflower+protein+in+a+tubular+precipitator&Volume=73&issue=&page=470-483&authors=M.+Raphael%2C+S.+Rohani%2C+and+F.+Soslski%2C&Year=1995&JournalBook=Can.+J.+Chem.+Eng.&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">10</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">J. S. Chang, H. Thompson, P. C. Looy, A. A. Berezin, A. Zukeran, T. Ito, S. Jayaram, and J. D. Cross, “Control of trace elements in combustion flue gas by a corona discharge activated conditioning agent and electrostatic precipitators,” <i>Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Electrostatic Precipitators</i>, I. Berta, Ed. Budapest, Hungary: Tech. Univ. Budapest Press, pp. 2-7, 1997.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Control+of+trace+elements+in+combustion+flue+gas+by+a+corona+discharge+activated+conditioning+agent+and+electrostatic+precipitators&Volume=&issue=&page=2-7&authors=J.+S.+Chang%2C+H.+Thompson%2C+P.+C.+Looy%2C+A.+A.+Berezin%2C+A.+Zukeran%2C+T.+Ito%2C+S.+Jayaram%2C+and+J.+D.+Cross%2C&Year=1997&JournalBook=Proceedings+of+the+6th+International+Conference+on+Electrostatic+Precipitators&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">11</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">A. Zukeran, J. S. Chang, A. A. Berezin, and T. Ito, “Control of ultrafine particles from incense smoke by an air cleaning electrostatic precipitator,” <i>J. Aerosol Sci.</i>, vol. 28, suppl. 1, pp. S289-S290, 1997.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Control+of+ultrafine+particles+from+incense+smoke+by+an+air+cleaning+electrostatic+precipitator&Volume=28%2C+suppl.+1&issue=&page=S289-S290&authors=A.+Zukeran%2C+J.+S.+Chang%2C+A.+A.+Berezin%2C+and+T.+Ito%2C&Year=1997&JournalBook=J.+Aerosol+Sci.&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">12</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">J. S. Chang, “Electrostatic charging of particles,” <i>Handbook of Electrostatic Processes</i>, J. S. Chang, A. J. Kelly, and J. M. Crowley, Ed. , New York: Marcel Dekker, ch. 3, pp. 39-50, 1995.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Electrostatic+charging+of+particles&Volume=&issue=&page=39-50&authors=J.+S.+Chang%2C&Year=1995&JournalBook=Handbook+of+Electrostatic+Processes&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">13</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">P. A. Lawless, T. Yamamoto, and Y. Otani, “Modeling of electrostatic precipitators and filters,” <i>Handbook of Electrostatic Processes</i>, J. S. Chang, A. J. Kelly, and J. M. Crowley, Ed. , New York: Marcel Dekker, ch. 22, pp. 481-508, 1995.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Modeling+of+electrostatic+precipitators+and+filters&Volume=&issue=&page=481-508&authors=P.+A.+Lawless%2C+T.+Yamamoto%2C+and+Y.+Otani%2C&Year=1995&JournalBook=Handbook+of+Electrostatic+Processes&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">14</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">S. Cristina and M. Feliaizni, “Calculation of ionized fields in dc electrostatic precipitators in the presence of dust and electric wind,” <i>IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.</i>, vol. 31, pp. 1446-1451, Nov./Dec. 1995.<br><a href='/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=10141&arnumber=475739&type=ref'>Abstract</a> | Full Text: <a href='/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475739&isnumber=10141'>PDF</a> (504KB)]<br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">15</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">H. Bai, C. Lu, and C. L. Chang, “A model to predict the system performance of an electrostatic precipitator for collecting polydisperse particles,” <i>J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc.</i>, vol. 45, pp. 908-916, Nov. 1995.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=A+model+to+predict+the+system+performance+of+an+electrostatic+precipitator+for+collecting+polydisperse+particles&Volume=45&issue=&page=908-916&authors=H.+Bai%2C+C.+Lu%2C+and+C.+L.+Chang%2C&Year=1995&JournalBook=J.+Air+Waste+Manage.+Assoc.&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">16</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">J. H. Davidson and P. J. McKinney, “EHD flow visualization in the wire-plate and barbed plate electrostatic precipitator,” <i>IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.</i>, vol. 27, pp. 154-160, Jan./Feb. 1990.<br><a href='/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=2395&arnumber=67547&type=ref'>Abstract</a> | Full Text: <a href='/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=67547&isnumber=2395'>PDF</a> (568KB)]<br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">17</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">L. Enliang, W. Yingmin, and J. A. Raper, “Study of gas velocity distribution in electrostatic precipitator,” <i>Aerosol Sci. Technol.</i>, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 947-952, 1990.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Study+of+gas+velocity+distribution+in+electrostatic+precipitator&Volume=12&issue=4&page=947-952&authors=L.+Enliang%2C+W.+Yingmin%2C+and+J.+A.+Raper%2C&Year=1990&JournalBook=Aerosol+Sci.+Technol.&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">18</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">J. Somers, P. Caperan, J. Magill, K. Richter, S. Fourcaudot, P. Barranx, P. Lajarge, A. Rier, E. Franco De Sarabia, and N. Seyfert, “Verbesserung der Effektivetaet von elektrostatischen Abscheidern mittels Akustischer aerosol-Vorbehandlund,” <i>Staub Reinhalt Luft</i>, vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 451-454, 1994.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Verbesserung+der+Effektivetaet+von+elektrostatischen+Abscheidern+mittels+Akustischer+aerosol-Vorbehandlund&Volume=54&issue=12&page=451-454&authors=J.+Somers%2C+P.+Caperan%2C+J.+Magill%2C+K.+Richter%2C+S.+Fourcaudot%2C+P.+Barranx%2C+P.+Lajarge%2C+A.+Rier%2C+E.+Franco+De+Sarabia%2C+and+N.+Seyfert%2C&Year=1994&JournalBook=Staub+Reinhalt+Luft&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">19</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">J. Silc and M. Tuma, “The influence of ultrasound on the agglomeration of fly-ash in exhaust,” <i>Staub Reinhalt Luft</i>, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 183-185, 1994.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=The+influence+of+ultrasound+on+the+agglomeration+of+fly-ash+in+exhaust&Volume=54&issue=5&page=183-185&authors=J.+Silc+and+M.+Tuma%2C&Year=1994&JournalBook=Staub+Reinhalt+Luft&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">20</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">H. Aoyoma, J. S. Chang, T. Nakane, and K. Seya, “Effects of high intensity ultrasonics on the performance of electrostatic precipitators,” <i>Proc. Japanese Sound Soc. 1993 Meeting</i>, pp. 1065-1066, 1993.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Effects+of+high+intensity+ultrasonics+on+the+performance+of+electrostatic+precipitators&Volume=&issue=&page=1065-1066&authors=H.+Aoyoma%2C+J.+S.+Chang%2C+T.+Nakane%2C+and+K.+Seya%2C&Year=1993&JournalBook=Proc.+Japanese+Sound+Soc.+1993+Meeting&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">21</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">T. Watanabe, F. Tochikubo, Y. Koizumi, T. Tsuchida, J. Hautanen, and E. I. Kauppinen, “Submicron particle agglomeration by an electrostatic agglomeration,” <i>J. Electrostatics</i>, vol. 34, pp. 367-383, May 1995.<br><A HREF='http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1016/0304-3886(95)93833-5' target=_blank>[CrossRef]</A> <a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Submicron+particle+agglomeration+by+an+electrostatic+agglomeration&Volume=34&issue=&page=367-383&authors=T.+Watanabe%2C+F.+Tochikubo%2C+Y.+Koizumi%2C+T.+Tsuchida%2C+J.+Hautanen%2C+and+E.+I.+Kauppinen%2C&Year=1995&JournalBook=J.+Electrostatics&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">22</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">J. Kildeso, V. K. Bhatia, L. Lind, E. Johnson, and A. Johansen, “An experimental investigation for agglomeration of aerosol in alternating electric fields,” <i>Aerosol Sci. Technol.</i>, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 603-610, 1995.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=An+experimental+investigation+for+agglomeration+of+aerosol+in+alternating+electric+fields&Volume=23&issue=4&page=603-610&authors=J.+Kildeso%2C+V.+K.+Bhatia%2C+L.+Lind%2C+E.+Johnson%2C+and+A.+Johansen%2C&Year=1995&JournalBook=Aerosol+Sci.+Technol.&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">23</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">A. Teller and J. Qimby, “Mercury removal from incineration flue gas,” <i>Proc. 84th Air and Waste Soc. Meeting</i>, 1991.<br><a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Mercury+removal+from+incineration+flue+gas&Volume=&issue=&page=&authors=A.+Teller+and+J.+Qimby%2C&Year=1991&JournalBook=Proc.+84th+Air+and+Waste+Soc.+Meeting&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">24</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">J. S. Chang, “Theory of aerosol particle thermal deposition on an arbitrarily shaped body,” <i>J. Aerosol Sci.</i>, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 423-425, 1986.<br><A HREF='http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1016/0021-8502(86)90121-7' target=_blank>[CrossRef]</A> <a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Theory+of+aerosol+particle+thermal+deposition+on+an+arbitrarily+shaped+body&Volume=17&issue=3&page=423-425&authors=J.+S.+Chang%2C&Year=1986&JournalBook=J.+Aerosol+Sci.&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">25</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">J.-S. Chang, K. Jogan, C. A. McLinden, P. C. Looy, and A. A. Berezin, “Unipolar charging of high resistive fly ash particles by a quadrupole cold,” <i>J. Aerosol Sci.</i>, vol. 23, suppl. 1, pp. S787-S790, 1992.<br><A HREF='http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1016/0021-8502(92)90529-5' target=_blank>[CrossRef]</A> <a href='/xpls/askIeee.jsp?Doctitle=Unipolar+charging+of+high+resistive+fly+ash+particles+by+a+quadrupole+cold&Volume=23%2C+suppl.+1&issue=&page=S787-S790&authors=J.-S.+Chang%2C+K.+Jogan%2C+C.+A.+McLinden%2C+P.+C.+Looy%2C+and+A.+A.+Berezin%2C&Year=1992&JournalBook=J.+Aerosol+Sci.&displayID=15601' target=_blank>[Buy Via Ask*IEEE]</a><br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">26</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">S. Jayaram, G. S. P. Castle, J. S. Chang, A. A. Berezin, P. C. Looy, R. Mangal, and M. S. Mozes, “Semipilot plant pulse energized cold-precharger electrostatic precipitator test for collection of moderately high resistivity fly ash particles,” <i>IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.</i>, vol. 32, pp. 844-850, July/Aug. 1996.<br><a href='/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=11125&arnumber=511641&type=ref'>Abstract</a> | Full Text: <a href='/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=511641&isnumber=11125'>PDF</a> (804KB)]<br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">27</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">G. Dinelli, V. Bogani, and M. Rea, “Enhanced precipitation efficiency of electrostatic precipitators by means of impulse energization,” <i>IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.</i>, vol. 27, pp. 323-330, Mar./Apr. 1991.<br><a href='/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=2477&arnumber=73620&type=ref'>Abstract</a> | Full Text: <a href='/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=73620&isnumber=2477'>PDF</a> (684KB)]<br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="CFE2FF"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bodyCopyBlack"><span class="sectionHeaders"><strong>Citing Documents</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><table width="544" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">1</td>
<td width="526" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced">
Mercury and other trace elements removal characteristics of DC and
pulse-energized electrostatic precipitator, Xinghua Liang; Looy, P.C.; Jayaram, S.; Berezin, A.A.; Mozes, M.S.; Jen-Shih Chang<br>
<i>Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on</i><br>
On page(s): 69-76, Volume: 38, Issue: 1, Jan/Feb 2002<br>
<a href="/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=980355&isnumber=21119&type=ref" class="bodyCopy">Abstract</a> |
Full Text: <a href="/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=980355&isnumber=21119&type=ref" class="bodyCopy">PDF</a> (154)
<!-- Full Text: <a href="/iel5/28/21119/00980355.pdf?tp=&arnumber=980355&isnumber=21119&type=ref" class="bodyCopy">PDF</a> (154)-->
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr></table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="8"></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="cfe2ff">
<table width="164" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="10"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="20"></td>
<td width="90">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="100" height="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge" nowrap><span class="sectionHeadersBlue">Access this document</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="100" height="5"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="18%" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><div align="center"><img src="/images/pdf_icon.gif" width="20" height="18" vspace="3"></div></td>
<!--<td width="81%" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge">Full Text: <a href="?tp=&isnumber=&arnumber=" class="bodyCopy">PDF</a> </td>-->
<td width="81%" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge">Full Text: <a href="/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=793383&isnumber=17214" class="bodyCopy">PDF</a> (340 KB)</td>
</tr>
<!-- <tr>
<td class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><div align="center"><img src="/images/html_icon.gif" width="19" height="18" vspace="3"></div></td>
<td class="bodyCopyBlackLarge">Full Text: <a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/iel5/28/17214/793383/793383.html?isnumber=&arnumber=793383" class="bodyCopy">HTML</a></td>
</tr>-->
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="100" height="5"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="165" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="100" height="5"></td>
</tr>
<form name="form1" method="post" action="citationAct" target="blank">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="sectionHeadersBlue">Download this citation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="100" height="5"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge">
<table width="100" border="0" align="right" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="60" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge" align="right">Choose </td>
<td width="40" align="left">
<select name="dlSelect" class="pullDownMenu" >
<option value="cite_abs">Citation & Abstract
<option value="cite" selected>Citation
</select>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="100" height="5"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="60" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge" align="right">Download </td>
<td width="40" align="left">
<select name="fileFormate" class="pullDownMenu">
<option value="ris">EndNote,ProCite,RefMan</option>
<option value="RefWork">RefWorks  </option>
<option value="BibTex">BibTeX</option>
<option value="txt" selected>ASCII Text</option>
</select>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="100" height="5"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"> <div align="left">
<input title="Download Citation" name="Submit" type="submit" class="button" value="Download" style="float: none">
<input type="hidden" name="arnumber" value="<arnumber>793383</arnumber>">
</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="100" height="5"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><span class="sectionHeaders">»</span>
<a href="/guide/g_tools_dcit.jsp" class="bodyCopy">Learn More</a></td>
</tr>
</form>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="100" height="5"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="100" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="100" height="5"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><span class="sectionHeadersBlue">
<br> <A href="/xpl/ccrights.jsp?PublisherName=IEEE&Publication=Industry+Applications%2C+IEEE+Transactions+on&Title=Collection+efficiency+of+ultrafine+particles+by+an+electrostaticprecipitator+under+DC+and+pulse+operating+modes&PublicationDate=1999&Author=Zukeran%2C+A.%3B+Looy%2C+P.C.%3B+Chakrabarti%2C+A.%3B+Berezin%2C+A.A.%3B+Jayaram%2C+S.%3B+Cross%2C+J.D.%3B+ITo%2C+T.%3B+Jen-Shih+Chang&Install=S&ContentID=793383&isNumber=">
Rights and Permissions</A></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><span class="sectionHeaders">»</span>
<a href="/guide/g_tools_ccc.jsp" class="bodyCopy">Learn More</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="100" height="5"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="EFEFE7">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="2%"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="15" height="10"></td>
<td width="78%" class="bodyCopyBlackLarge">
<img src="/images/arrow_CD6600_left.gif" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" width="13" height="7"><a href="/xpl/tocresult.jsp?isnumber=&isYear=1999" class="bodyCopy">View TOC</a>
| <a href="#top" class="bodyCopy">Back to Top<img src="/images/arrow_CD6600_up.gif" hspace="0" vspace="0" border="0"></a>
</td>
<td width="20%" valign="top"><div align="right"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="126" height="14" vspace="5"></div></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<!-- start include footer -->
<tr>
<td bgcolor="CFE2FF"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="0%"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="20"></td>
<td width="67%" class="bodyCopy"></a></td>
<td width="33%" ><div align="right"> <a href="/xplorehelp/Help_start.html#Help_abstractplus.html" class="subNavLinks" target="blank">Help</a> <a href="/xpl/contactus.jsp" class="subNavLinks">Contact
Us</a> <a href="http://www.ieee.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/web/publications/rights/privacy.html" target="blank" class="subNavLinks">Privacy
& Security</a> <a href="http://www.ieee.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu" target="blank" class="subNavLinks">IEEE.org </a>
</div></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="CFE2FF"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="10%"><img src="/images/inspec_003366.gif" alt="Indexed by IEE Inspec" width="74" height="34" hspace="0" vspace="2" id="inspec"></td>
<td width="59%"><div align="right" class="footerGrey"></div></td>
<td width="31%" valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><img src="/images/transparent_spacer.gif" width="10" height="6"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" class="footerGrey"> <div align="right">©
Copyright 2009 IEEE – All Rights Reserved </div></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<!-- end include footer -->
</table></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>