Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2014 00:09:01 +0100
From: Adam Back <adam@cypherspace.org>
To: Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@bitpay.com>
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Subject: [Bitcoin-development] unlinakble static address? & spv-privacy (Re:
 Stealth Addresses)
Precedence: list

So I like static address name too.  In the write up for my variant I called
it something less sexy than stealth "unlinkable public address":

https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=317835.msg4103530#msg4103530

(there are 3 variants that are approximately the same thing).

Maybe we could call it an unlinkable static address.  Otherwise static
addresses are maybe too synonymous with reused addresses a bad practice we
have been complaining about users and wallet authors incorrectly doing.

But to explain, in Peter Todds (and Amir Taaki also?) variant stealth refers
to an actual useful security criteria.  Stealth objective actually means
"looks like a normal bitcoin payment to the outside observer".  You
generally want that to be the case for fungibility reasons.  Its like
browser cookie state, the more things that are unusual about your
transaction, the more your transactions identify you in the public
block-chain.  Statistics are cumulative so it matters.


And is an actual element of stealthiness (hence the name) in this variant
that Peter Todd proposed, at least as an objective, though I think the
stealthiness somewhat fails because the P parameter is extra and not present
in a normal transaction.

Unfortunately so far removing P and using an input in its stead breaks
CoinJoin which is also necessary for fungibility.  Maybe there is another
way to make an extended CoinJoin that can mix inputs and unlinkable static
addresses.


I was meaning to comment on the SPV privacy properties.

For full-node use these unlinkable static addresses have quite nice
properties.  It also nicely solves the problem of having to educate users
and wallet authors to not reuse addresses.  But for SPV nodes they have no
direct-way to find the payments.  So then in Peter Todd's variant (maybe it
was suggested by Greg Maxwell?) there is a second address so that the SPV
client can delegate detection to a full node without giving it the private
key allowing it to spend!  (This is something analogous to bloom filtering). 
But I think its moderately expensive for the full node because it has to do
a DH calculation per transaction and its not precomputable so there is IO
per query.  (In the P version in fact only payments which are thereby
reconizable as unlinkable static need to be processed).

Then an artificial prefix is proposed to constrain the query to a subset,
however that leaks to everyone so in some wayts its a worse privacy leak
than bloom filtering.  It can be used to rule out recipients and could be
quite a powerful extra lever for statistical analysis.  (And also there is
proposed a version of the prefix computed via brute-force to make it
somewhat stealthy still).


So I also am quite enthusiastic about the possiblity to fix this address
reuse problem, but there remain a few open problems in my view, for SPV
uses.  Not nay-saying, I spent quite a bit of time trying to solve this for
my variant, its a tricky problem, or basically we wouldnt have one-use
addresses and bloom filtering.


But maybe its intereting enough already for full-node uses.  Many processors
and businesses are full nodes.  Many power users run full-nodes  The data
isnt lost, you just need to scan a full-node.

It could help the related problem of paying the wrong person.  Ie deposit
address given by merchant.  If the deposit address is static, and the used
address user derived from it, then that itself is an assurance to the user
that they are paying an address at least owned by the service.  (As opposed
to someone who hacked the web site or MITM the link).  Of course for users
probably the main likelihood is they have malware on their machine, but that
is what offline wallets are for.  A smartphone is maybe a little less
hackable and could be trained to store the static address and warn if its
not the same as the last time they used the site.  (TOFU for bitcoin
addresses, or at least be able to call someone you know who also uses the
service and compare static addresses).

Maybe in the payment address case the service should choose the derivation
factor and communicate it and the client with the static address, as
suggeste by Alan Reiner because then it can also serve the function of
allowing the service to tie the payment to the users account.

People also mention payment protocol for certifying addresses however I
think it is useful to have address level TOFU / static to principal
verification because it is simpler for harware wallets, maps to account
number concept users understand, and doesnt rely on the CA infrastructure. 
Also the typical payment protcol is talking about a message constructed by a
web app.  Thats millions of lines of web server, script language, db code
etc in play on an online server.  The static address private key would be
airgapped from that mess.  

Mike Hearn proposed if I understand that you could something analogous and
upload in batches signed payment protocol sub-messages from a different CA
certificate key.  But I think the above is simpler, and its useful to have
something that works at the low level.  What we have now is like SSH without
the knownhosts cache.  Lets add it.  It can then play with the payment
protocol at the address level.

Adam

On Wed, Jan 15, 2014 at 03:44:17PM -0500, Jeff Garzik wrote:
>   "static address" seems like a reasonable attempt at describing intended
>   use/direction.
>
>   On Wed, Jan 15, 2014 at 3:38 PM, Gregory Maxwell
>   <[1]gmaxwell@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>   On Wed, Jan 15, 2014 at 12:22 PM, Ben Davenport
>   <[2]bendavenport@gmail.com> wrote:
>   > But may I suggest we consider changing the name "stealth address" to
>   > something more neutral?
>
>     ACK.  Regardless of the 'political' overtones, I think stealth is a
>     little cringe-worthy.
>     "Private address" would be fine if not for confusion with
>     private-keys.
>     "Static address" is perhaps the best in my view. (also helps improve
>     awareness that normal addresses are intended to be more
>     one-use-ness)
>
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>
>References
>
>   1. mailto:gmaxwell@gmail.com
>   2. mailto:bendavenport@gmail.com
>   3. http://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/clk?id=119420431&iu=/4140/ostg.clktrk
>   4. mailto:Bitcoin-development@lists.sourceforge.net
>   5. https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/bitcoin-development
>   6. https://bitpay.com/

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