Date: Wed, 19 Oct 2022 13:40:35 +0000
To: mm-studios <mm@mm-studios.com>,
 Bitcoin Protocol Discussion <bitcoin-dev@lists.linuxfoundation.org>
From: angus <angus@toaster.cc>
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Subject: Re: [bitcoin-dev] brickchain
Precedence: list

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> Let's allow a miner to include transactions until the block is filled, l=
et's call this structure (coining a new term 'Brick'), B0. [brick=3Dblock =
that doesn't meet the difficulty rule and is filled of tx to its full capa=
city]
> Since PoW hashing is continuously active, Brick B0 would have a nonce co=
rresponding to a minimum numeric value of its hash found until it got fill=
ed.


So, if I'm understanding right, this amounts to "reduce difficulty require=
d for a block ('brick') to be valid if the mempool contains more than 1 bl=
ock's worth of transactions so we get transactions confirmed faster" using=
 'bricks' as short-lived sidechains that get merged into blocks?

This would have the same fundamental problem as just making the max blocks=
ize bigger - it increases the rate of growth of storage required for a ful=
l node, because you're allowing blocks/bricks to be created faster, so the=
re will be more confirmed transactions to store in a given time window tha=
n under current Bitcoin rules.

Bitcoin doesn't take the size of the mempool into account when adjusting t=
he difficulty because the time-between-blocks is 'more important' than avo=
iding congestion where transactions take ages to get into a block. The fee=
 mechanism in part allows users to decide how urgently they want their tx =
to get confirmed, and high fees when there is congestion also disincentivi=
ses others from transacting at all, which helps arrest mempool growth.

I'd imagine we'd also see a 'highway widening' effect with this kind of pr=
oposal - if you increase the tx volume Bitcoin can settle in a given time,=
 that will quickly be used up by more people transacting until we're back =
at a congested state again.

> Fully filled brick B0, with a hash that doesn't meet the difficulty rule=
, would be broadcasted and nodes would have it on in a separate fork as us=
ual.


How do we know if the hash the miner does find for a brick was their 'best=
 effort' and they're not just being lazy? There's an element of luck in th=
e best hash a miner can find, sometimes it takes a long time to meet the d=
ifficulty requirement and sometimes it happens almost at instantly.

How would we know how 'busy' the mempool was at the time a brick from mont=
hs or years ago was mined?

Nodes have to be able to run through the entire history of the blockchain =
and check everything is valid. They have to do this using only the previou=
s blocks they've already validated - they won't have historical snapshots =
of the mempool (they'll build and mutate a UTXO set, but that's different)=
. Transactions don't contain a 'created-at' time that you could compare to=
 the block's creation time (and if they did, you probably couldn't trust i=
t).

With the current system, Nodes can calculate what the difficulty should be=
 for every block based on those previous blocks' times and difficulties - =
but how would you know an old brick was valid if its difficulty was low bu=
t at the time the mempool was busy, vs. getting a fraudulent brick that is=
 actually invalid because there isn't enough work in it? You can't solve t=
his by adding some mempoolsize field to bricks, as you'd have to blindly t=
rust miners not to lie about them.

If we can't be (fairly) certain that a miner put a minimum amount of work =
into finding a hash, then you lose all the strengths of PoW.

If you weaken the difficulty requirement which is there so that mining blo=
cks is hard so that it is very hard to intentionally fork the chain, re-mi=
ne previous blocks, overtake the other fork, and get the network to re-org=
 onto your chain - then there's no Proof of work undergirding consensus in=
 the ledger's state.

Secondly, where does the block reward go? Do brick miners get a fraction o=
f the reward proportionate to the fraction of the difficulty they got to? =
Later when bricks become part of a block, who gets the block reward for th=
at complete block? Who gets the fees? No miner is going to bother mining a=
 merge-bricks-into-block block if the reward isn't the same or better than=
 just mining a regular block, but each miner of the bricks in it would als=
o want a reward. But, we can't give them both a block reward as that'd inc=
rease Bitcoin's issuance rate, which might be the only thing people are mo=
re strongly opposed to than increasing the blocksize! xD

> At this point, instead of discarding transactions, our miner would start=
 working on a new brick B1, linked with B0 as usual.
> =


> Nodes would allow incoming regular blocks and bricks with hashes that do=
n't satisfy the difficulty rule, provided the brick is fully filled of tra=
nsactions. Bricks not fully filled would be rejected as invalid to prevent=
 spam (except if constitutes the last brick of a brickchain, explained bel=
ow).
> =


> Let's assume that 10 minutes have elapsed and our miner is in a state wh=
ere N bricks have been produced and the accumulated PoW calculated using m=
athematics (every brick contains a 'minimum hash found', when a series of =
'minimum hashes' is computationally equivalent to the network difficulty i=
s then the full 'brickchain' is valid as a Block.


But the brick sidechain has to become part of the main blockchain - and as=
 you've got N bricks in the time that there should be 1 block, and each br=
ick is a full block, it feels like this is just a convoluted way to increa=
se the blocksize? Every transaction has to be in the ledger somewhere to b=
e confirmed, so even if the block itself is small and stored references to=
 the bricks, Nodes are going to have to use storage to keep all those full=
 bricks.

It also seems that you'd have to require the bricks sidechain to always be=
 merged into the next actual block - it wouldn't work if the brick chain c=
ould keep growing and at the same time the actual blockchain advances (bec=
ause there'd be risks of double-spends where one tx is in the brick chain =
and the other in the new block). Which I think further makes this feel lik=
e a roundabout way of increasing the blocksize

Despite my critique, this was interesting to think about - and hopefully t=
his is useful (and hopefully I've not seriously misunderstood or said some=
thing dumb)

Angus
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Content-Description: OpenPGP digital signature
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