These references are mainly about 3d bioprinting and in particular vascularization of larger tissues or printed organs.

# Reviews

* Advanced strategies for vascular bioprinting & “smart” bioinks and design rules for perfusable in-vitro models. [Taylor & Francis Online](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17452759.2024.2395470?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* Recent progress in 3D-printed vascularized tissues/organs (heart, liver, lung, kidney, etc.). [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590183424000127?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* Light-based (DLP/SLA/two-photon) bioprinting for vascular tissue engineering—capillary-scale resolution & photochemistry caveats. [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39435375/?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006424003478?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* Embedded bioprinting overview—gel-in-gel methods enabling complex, multiscale vascular architectures. [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452199X23003171?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* Embedded 3D bioprinting of vascularized constructs: materials & rheology trends. [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39879658/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* In-vitro vascular microsystems / microphysiological platforms (manufacturing methods + cell choices). [Nature](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41378-025-00956-w?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* Organoid vascularization reviews (bioengineering methods; perfusable networks for hPSC-derived organoids). [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667237524001231?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* Melt-electrowriting (MEW) for cardiovascular tissues—scaffolds, lattices, tubular grafts. [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11442423/?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [Advanced Online Library](https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adhm.202400426?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

# Recent stuff

* **Coaxial & in-bath/embedded coaxial printing** for multilayered, branching, perfusable vessels (EC-lined lumens; SMC shells). [lewisgroup.seas.harvard.edu](https://lewisgroup.seas.harvard.edu/sites/scholar.harvard.edu/files/embedding_biomimetic_vascular_networks_via_coaxial_sacrificial_writing_into_functional_tissue.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [Advanced Online Library](https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202401528?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [RSC Publishing](https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2024/tb/d4tb00601a?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Process optimization** for coaxial extrusion (CFD + experiments) and practical recipes. [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214860425000466?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Volumetric bioprinting (VBP)**—fast, complex hydrogel constructs; emerging multi-material VBP. [Advanced Online Library](https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202409355?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [BioRxiv](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664683v1.full.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Light-based/DLP** routes to internal vasculature and high-fidelity lumen geometries; multi-material stereolithography for vascular architectures. [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39435375/?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [Nature](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-82102-w?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Embedded freeform writing** (e.g., SPIRIT) to place freeform vascular trees inside soft matrices. [Wiley Online Library](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202205082?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **MEW + hydrogels hybrids** for perfusable, high-porosity scaffolds and small-diameter tubular constructs. [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11442423/?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006425001516?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Microfluidic bioprinting / multi-material nozzles** to pattern lumen wall composition and shear profiles. [scifiniti.com](https://scifiniti.com/3078-3739/1/2025.0002?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

# Perfusable systems

* **CHIPS**: collagen-based high-resolution internally perfusable scaffolds (Science Advances, 2025). [Science](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adu5905?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **>1-cm-thick perfused tissues** sustained on-chip for >6 weeks (classic but still a benchmark). [PNAS](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1521342113?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Thick hepatic constructs (>1 cm³) with vascular perfusion**—toward metabolic organ models. [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006425003461?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Perfusable vascularized tumor model (Frontiers, 2025)** with custom perfusion system for long-term viability. [Frontiers](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1484738/full?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11841441/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Coaxial/embedded networks enabling branching, multilayered vessels** suitable for perfusion & endothelialization. [Advanced Online Library](https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202401528?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Implant-scale, bioprinted vessel grafts tested in vivo** (2025). [Nature](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-93276-y?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **New internal-network printing (SINP)** for perfusable lattices inside bulk scaffolds. [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359836825002938?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

# 2D / planar vessel printing & patterning

* **Inkjet/DOD endothelial patterning**—physics of particulate-laden hydrogel inks & printability windows. [SpringerLink](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44258-024-00024-4?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Laser-assisted bioprinting**—cell viability/resolution trade-offs and suitable use-cases. [Nature](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-54504-7?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11447703/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **On-chip printed multi-hydrogel vasculature** for stable perfusion models. [Wiley Online Library](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/admt.202300718?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

# Blood vessel donation into 3d bioprinting constructs

## Microvascular fragment (MVF) micro-grafts

Microvascular fragment (MVF) “micro-grafts” printed or embedded into constructs.

* **Bioprinted dermis + human adipose MVFs (HaMVFs):** MVFs co-printed in GelMA/HAMA/fibrinogen rapidly reassemble into perfusable microvessels and boost healing. [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37876343/?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [Analytical Science Journals](https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bit.28588?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Islets + adipose MVFs in 3D collagen (in vitro):** MVFs vascularize pancreatic islets inside hydrogel—useful template for pairing explanted microvessels with dense tissues. [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8301445/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Encapsulated β-like cells + MVFs in a 3D-printed device (retrievable):** integrates MVFs with a printed housing for long-term function. [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961224004824?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Recent MVF review (2025):** isolation, composition (intact EC + perivascular cells), rapid inosculation. [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11939927/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

## Whole-vessel explants

Whole-vessel explants grafted into gels to vascularize in vitro bioprinted/engineered tissues

* **Explant-driven sprouting to make chimeric vasculature:** mouse aorta/vena cava/AV-bundle explants embedded in fibrin sprout into cell-laden hydrogels, forming hybrid (explant + human EC) networks; notes on anti-fibrinolytic (aprotinin) and stiffness effects. [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10874928/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Aortic ring–style explant assays (how-to):** protocol to drive angiogenic sprouts from vessel rings into 3D matrices; can be paired with collagen/fibrin systems used in printing. [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7852198/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **General background on explant/microfluidic vascularization on-chip:** recent platforms vascularize organoids/tissues via induced angiogenesis and perfusion (useful when you want a pre-made bed to “graft” your printed tissue onto). [Nature](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45710-4?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [SpringerLink](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10456-022-09842-9?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

## Macro-vessel graft

Use a macro-vessel graft (native or TEVG) as a suturable “header” that angiogenically feeds your printed tissue

* **Suturable TEVG → angiogenesis into tissue construct (2024):** demonstrates a **hierarchically vascularized & suturable** construct by letting a TEVG sprout into the engineered tissue. Great template for using a graft as inlet/outlet + angiogenic source. [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1742706124005798?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **TEVG with micro-channel bed (“AngioTube”) concept:** macro-conduit surrounded by a micro-channel array to promote perfusion and outgrowth into bulk tissue. [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1742706122002951?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

## AV-loop / pedicle transplants to pre-vascularize printed constructs

* **AV-loop method (protocol & reviews):** create an artery–vein loop inside a chamber that contains your scaffold/bioprinted matrix; loop vascularizes the construct, which can later be transplanted with its own vascular axis. [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5226146/?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [Karger](https://karger.com/esr/article/59/3-4/286/128671/The-Arteriovenous-Loop-Engineering-of-Axially?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [Nature](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-46571-4.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Inline anastomosis of printed hydrogels (large animal):** 3D-printed hydrogel modules connected in-line to a porcine AV shunt to assess patency/flow [Frontiers](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.629313/full?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

## Perfusion hardware

Perfusion hardware that lets you hook actual vessels into your printed constructs either in vitro/ex vivo.

* **Arteriovenous perfusion bioreactor (in vitro):** modular system that recreates arterial and venous conditions for multi-scale vascular networks—handy when you want physiologic shear on graft-fed constructs. [MDPI](https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/11/1147?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Ex vivo native-vessel culture in 3D-printed bioreactors:** protocols and devices for pulsatile culture of porcine/human arteries (Luer-friendly), which you can plumb to a printed scaffold loop. [Frontiers](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2022.864580/full?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [JoVE](https://app.jove.com/t/65465/ex-vivo-perfusion-culture-large-blood-vessels-3d-printed?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

## Pragmatics

* **Matrix choice & proteolysis control:** With artery/vein explants in fibrin, expect explant-induced fibrinolysis; aprotinin stabilized gels and improved sprouting windows in vitro. Stiffness also correlates with sprout distance—tune G′ accordingly. [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10874928/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **“Micro-graft” density:** MVFs can be printed/embedded at high volume fractions; these their own perivascular support cells, speeding inosculation versus EC-only inks. [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11939927/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Perfusion plumbing:** pair a **suturable TEVG/native-vessel segment** as an inlet/outlet with a small-volume loop; the AV-style perfusion scheme helps maintain physiologic pressure gradients. [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1742706124005798?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [MDPI](https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/11/1147?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Path to in vivo:** If translation is the goal, the **AV-loop chamber** is the most mature route to take a prevascularized (even bioprinted) construct into an implant with immediate flow via microanastomosis. [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5226146/?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [Nature](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-46571-4.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

# Vascularization for transplantation

These references are more focused on vascularization for the purposes of transplantation into an animal.

**Cryopreserved allografts (arterial/venous).** [Journal of Vascular Surgery](https://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214%2824%2900861-9/fulltext?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [Oxford Academic](https://academic.oup.com/ejcts/article/55/2/358/5063864?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

## Synthetic prosthetic grafts (ePTFE/Dacron)

* **State of the field of synthetic prosthetic grafts (small-diameter ≤6 mm).** [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10886630/?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [RSC Publishing](https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2025/ma/d5ma00663e?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [AHA Journals](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.318239?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
*  **Materials & manufacturing round-ups (2024).** From PCL/PLA hybrids to layer-by-layer and electrospinning. [American Chemical Society Publications](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.4c13925?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004224010678?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

## Decellularized native vessels (allograft/xenograft) & recellularization

* Techniques, quality benchmarks, and re-endothelialization strategies for **tiny/small-diameter** grafts. [Frontiers](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2024.1413518/full?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [SpringerOpen](https://jlse.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42825-025-00192-y?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Fresh examples.** Decellularized **human iliac artery** scaffolds with ECM preservation for grafting. [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040816624003872?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **decellularized plant vasculature** as arterial templates (review, 2025). [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12344396/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

## Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs): acellular & cell-based

* Comprehensive recent reviews covering materials, fabrication, functionalization, and the animal-to-clinical bridge. [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006424003971?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Human acellular vessel (Humacyte).** FDA approval (Dec 19, 2024) for extremity vascular trauma; ongoing expansion of indications (AV access) and DLA/ECAT listing in 2025. Great clinical context pieces, too. [humacyte.gcs-web.com](https://humacyte.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/humacyte-announces-fda-approval-symvesstm-acellular-tissue?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [Securities and Exchange Commission](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1818382/000181838225000030/huma-20250328xexx991.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [investors.humacyte.com](https://investors.humacyte.com/news-releases/news-release-details/humacyte-announces-symvesstm-ecat-approval-us-defense-logistics?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [WIRED](https://www.wired.com/story/this-blood-vessel-was-grown-in-a-lab-with-real-human-cells?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [The Wall Street Journal](https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/humacyte-lab-grown-arteries-c68fac39?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* Pluripotent-stem-cell–derived **small-diameter arterial grafts** with 100% patency in a non-human primate model (Cell Reports Medicine, 2025). [Cell](https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-medicine/fulltext/S2666-3791%2825%2900075-8?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

## “Use the body to vascularize it” — transplants/implants that bring vessels with them

* **Arteriovenous (AV) loop / vascular pedicle transplants** to prevascularize large constructs in vivo; design + mouse/rat models and the latest in **AV-style perfusion bioreactors** for in-vitro conditioning. [Nature](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-46571-4?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [MDPI](https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/11/1147?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
* **Microvascular fragment (MVF) explants** (from adipose tissue) as ready-made microvessels that inosculate rapidly. [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38777930/?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11939927/?utm_source=chatgpt.com), [Oxford Academic](https://academic.oup.com/burnstrauma/article/doi/10.1093/burnst/tkae039/7796861?utm_source=chatgpt.com)