Contrary to popular belief, the name PAM does not stand for a Product of Arthur Meyerhoff. According to Judy Yale, one of Meyerhoff’s daughters, Meyerhoff and his partner Leon Rubin sought “a name that would be generic like Kleenex and food related like the word pan, and that's how they stumbled on PAM.” Coincidentally, the word pamper archaically means "to indulge with rich food." In 1959, Arthur Meyerhoff and Leon Rubin started Pam Products, Inc., in Chicago, but business wasn't too successful. Two years later, Rubin received a patent for a nonstick cooking oil consisting of lecithin dissolved in an organic solvent and dispensed from an aerosol container. Meyerhoff and Rubin founded Gibraltar Industries to market this new Pam cooking spray, introducing the product on local Chicago television cooking shows. Sales began taking off after Carmelita Pope, a well-known Chicago personality, endorsed Pam and demonstrated its many uses. American Home Products replaced the fluorocarbons in Pam Cooking Spray with other edible oils to meet environmental standards. Pam Cooking Spray, the original and number one selling aerosol nonstick cooking spray in the United States, is all natural and does not contain any sodium or cholesterol. ===================== patentn umber 3038816 patented 1962-06-12 Method for producing sprayable composition authors: - Leonard B. Drell - Leon R. Rubin aerosol spray lecithin avoids the use of undesirable organic solvents patent: lalone 2796363 (1957-06-18) dissolve lecithin in an organic solvent before combining it with the propellant system dissolving the lecithin in monofluortrichlormethane at temperatures below the boiling point of the solvent, cooling the lecithin solution to a temperature in the range of between about 5 to -10 degrees Fahrenheit and combining the cooled lecithin solution and a nontoxic odorless propellant in a liquid state to provide a propellant system containing lecithin which is adapted to be sprayed from a pressure tight container. previously people used hexane as a solvent prior to putting lecithin in the aerosol system dissolving lecithin in quantity of Freon 11 at room temperature Freon 11 = monocuortrichlormethane / monofluortrichlormethane Freon 12 = difluorodichloromethane solution of Freon 11, Freon 12, lecithin Freon, du Pont Technical Bulletin, B-2, 1957, page 6 Freon, du Pont Aerosol Report, Fa-22, 1957, pages 8 and 24 ------------------------ lecithin Phosphatidylcholine lipostabil phoschol "Phosphatidylcholine is synthesized from uridine, choline, and DHA. Fish Oil has two omega-3 fatty acids: EPA and DHA. CDPCholine is broken down and converted into uridine and choline. Thus, phosphatidylcholine can be produced from supplementation with CDPcholine and fish oil. Both phosphatydlcholine and phosphatidylserine are essential components of every nerve cell membrane. Increasing the levels of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine improve nearly every measure of mental performance." http://www.imminst.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=36691 --------------------------------- http://www.imminst.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=10694&view=findpost&p=250225 Chronic administration of docosahexaenoic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid, but not arachidonic acid, alone or in combination with uridine, increases brain phosphatide and synaptic protein levels in gerbils.Cansev M, Wurtman RJ. Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, the most abundant brain membrane phosphatide, requires three circulating precursors: choline; a pyrimidine (e.g. uridine); and a polyunsaturated fatty acid. Supplementing a choline-containing diet with the uridine source uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP) or, especially, with UMP plus the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (given by gavage), produces substantial increases in membrane phosphatide and synaptic protein levels within gerbil brain. We now compare the effects of various polyunsaturated fatty acids, given alone or with UMP, on these synaptic membrane constituents. Gerbils received, daily for 4 weeks, a diet containing choline chloride with or without UMP and/or, by gavage, an omega-3 (docosahexaenoic or eicosapentaenoic acid) or omega-6 (arachidonic acid) fatty acid. Both of the omega-3 fatty acids elevated major brain phosphatide levels (by 18-28%, and 21-27%) and giving UMP along with them enhanced their effects significantly. Arachidonic acid, given alone or with UMP, was without effect. After UMP plus docosahexaenoic acid treatment, total brain phospholipid levels and those of each individual phosphatide increased significantly in all brain regions examined (cortex, striatum, hippocampus, brain stem, and cerebellum). The increases in brain phosphatides in gerbils receiving an omega-3 (but not omega-6) fatty acid, with or without UMP, were accompanied by parallel elevations in levels of pre- and post-synaptic proteins (syntaxin-3, PSD-95 and synapsin-1) but not in those of a ubiquitous structural protein, beta-tubulin. Hence administering omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can enhance synaptic membrane levels in gerbils, and may do so in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, especially when given with a uridine source, while the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid is ineffective. Chronic administration of DHA and UMP improves the impaired memory of environmentally impoverished rats. Living in an enriched environment (EC) during development enhances memory function in adulthood; living in an impoverished environment (IC) impairs memory function. Compounds previously demonstrated to improve memory among IC rats include CDP-choline and uridine monophosphate (UMP). Brain phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis utilizes both the uridine formed from the metabolism of exogenous CDP-choline and UMP, and the choline formed from that of CDP-choline. It also uses the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) DHA, a precursor for the diacylglycerol incorporated into PC. DHA administration also improves cognition in young and aged rodents and humans; its effects on cognitively impaired IC rats have not been characterized. We have thus examined the consequences of administering DHA (300 mg/kg) by gavage, UMP (0.5% in the diet), or both compounds on hippocampal- and striatal-dependent forms of memory among rats exposed to EC or IC conditions for 1 month starting at weaning, and consuming a choline-containing diet. We observe that giving IC rats either dietary UMP or gavaged DHA improves performance on the hidden version of the Morris water maze (all P<0.05), a hippocampal-dependent task; co-administration of both phosphatide precursors further enhances the IC rats' performance on this task (P<0.001). Neither UMP nor DHA, nor giving both compounds, affects the performance of EC rats on the hidden version of the Morris water maze (P>0.05), nor the performance by IC or EC rats on the visible version of the Morris water maze (all P>0.05), a striatal-dependent task. We confirm that co-administration of UMP and DHA to rats increases brain levels of the phosphatides PC, PE, SM, PS, PI, and total brain phospholipid levels (all P<0.05), and show that rearing animals in an enriched environment also elevates brain PC, PS, and PI levels (all P<0.01) and total brain phospholipids (P<0.01) compared with their levels in animals reared in an IC environment. These findings suggest that giving DHA plus UMP can ameliorate memory deficits associated with rearing under impoverished conditions, and that this effect may be mediated in part through enhanced synthesis of brain membrane phosphatides. Dietary uridine enhances the improvement in learning and memory produced by administering DHA to gerbils. This study examined the effects on cognitive behaviors of giving normal adult gerbils three compounds, normally in the circulation, which interact to increase brain phosphatides, synaptic proteins, dendritic spines, and neurotransmitter release. Animals received supplemental uridine (as its monophosphate, UMP; 0.5%) and choline (0.1%) via the diet, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 300 mg/kg/day) by gavage, for 4 wk, and then throughout the subsequent period of behavioral training and testing. As shown previously, giving all three compounds caused highly significant (P<0.001) increases in total brain phospholipids and in each major phosphatide; giving DHA or UMP (plus choline) produced smaller increases in some of the phosphatides. DHA plus choline improved performance on the four-arm radial maze, T-maze, and Y-maze tests; coadministering UMP further enhanced these increases. (Uridine probably acts by generating both CTP, which can be limiting in phosphatide synthesis, and UTP, which activates P2Y receptors coupled to neurite outgrowth and protein synthesis. All three compounds also act by enhancing the substrate-saturation of phosphatide-synthesizing enzymes.) These findings demonstrate that a treatment that increases synaptic membrane content can enhance cognitive functions in normal animals.-Holguin, S., Martinez, J., Chow, C., Wurtman, R. Dietary uridine enhances the improvement in learning and memory produced by administering DHA to gerbils.